Highlighted Text:
Show |
Hide
Full text loading...
Chapter 1 : Introduction
Author:
Gerald E. McDonnell1
VIEW AFFILIATIONS
HIDE AFFILIATIONS
Affiliations:
1: Vice President of Research and EMEA Affairs STERIS Limited
Basingstoke, Hampshire, United Kingdom
Basingstoke, Hampshire, United Kingdom
Content Type: Monograph
Publication Year:
2007
Category: Industrial Microbiology; Clinical Microbiology
Book DOI:
10.1128/9781555816445
Chapter DOI:
10.1128/9781555816445.ch1
MyBook is a cheap paperback edition of the original book and will be sold at uniform, low price.
Preview this chapter:
Introduction, Page 1 of 2
< Previous page | Next page > /docserver/preview/fulltext/10.1128/9781555816445/9781555819019_Chap01-1.gif /docserver/preview/fulltext/10.1128/9781555816445/9781555819019_Chap01-2.gif
Abstract:
Microorganisms play important roles in our lives. Of primary interest are those microorganisms that cause diseases under a variety of circumstances. Other issues include the economic aspects associated with microbial contamination, such as food spoilage, plant infections, and surface damage. This introductory chapter of Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization provides a brief description of the various types of target microorganisms, as well as a discussion of some key considerations for biocidal applications, including the evaluation of efficacy, formulation effects, and the importance of cleaning. It offers brief insights of the topics discussed in each chapter in the book. A section presents definitions of the biocidal applications consistent with international consensus documents.
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Introduction,
p 1-54.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch1
Figures
Introduction
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Introduction,
p 1-54.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch1
/content/10.1128/9781555816445.ch01.ch01fig01
FIGURE 1.1
A typical helminth life cycle (example: Enterobius vermicularis).
10.1128/9781555816445/f0009-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816445/f0009-01.gif
FIGURE 1.1
A typical helminth life cycle (example: Enterobius vermicularis).
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Introduction,
p 1-54.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch1
/content/10.1128/9781555816445.ch01.ch01fig02
FIGURE 1.2
Typical fungal structures. (A) Filamentous fungus (mold). Hyphae are shown as long lines of unseparated cells, with the development of a fruiting body with attached spores. (B) Typical unicellular fungal (yeast) cells. The cells are generally polymorphic. In one case, a budding cell is shown.
10.1128/9781555816445/f0010-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816445/f0010-01.gif
FIGURE 1.2
Typical fungal structures. (A) Filamentous fungus (mold). Hyphae are shown as long lines of unseparated cells, with the development of a fruiting body with attached spores. (B) Typical unicellular fungal (yeast) cells. The cells are generally polymorphic. In one case, a budding cell is shown.
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Introduction,
p 1-54.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch1
/content/10.1128/9781555816445.ch01.ch01fig03
FIGURE 1.3
Simplified fungal cell envelope. The cross-linked cell wall is linked to the cell membrane. The cell wall usually consists of innermost fibrils of chitin or cellulose, with outer layers of amorphous, cross-linked glucans.
10.1128/9781555816445/f0011-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816445/f0011-01.gif
FIGURE 1.3
Simplified fungal cell envelope. The cross-linked cell wall is linked to the cell membrane. The cell wall usually consists of innermost fibrils of chitin or cellulose, with outer layers of amorphous, cross-linked glucans.
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Introduction,
p 1-54.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch1
/content/10.1128/9781555816445.ch01.ch01fig04
FIGURE 1.4
Life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii.
10.1128/9781555816445/f0014-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816445/f0014-01.gif
FIGURE 1.4
Life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii.
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Introduction,
p 1-54.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch1
/content/10.1128/9781555816445.ch01.ch01fig05
FIGURE 1.5
Simple representation of a mycoplasma cell surface structure.
10.1128/9781555816445/f0014-02_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816445/f0014-02.gif
FIGURE 1.5
Simple representation of a mycoplasma cell surface structure.
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Introduction,
p 1-54.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch1
/content/10.1128/9781555816445.ch01.ch01fig06
FIGURE 1.6
Basic structure of a bacterial cell, showing the cell surface in greater detail.
10.1128/9781555816445/f0015-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816445/f0015-01.gif
FIGURE 1.6
Basic structure of a bacterial cell, showing the cell surface in greater detail.
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Introduction,
p 1-54.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch1
/content/10.1128/9781555816445.ch01.ch01fig07
FIGURE 1.7
Bacterial cell wall structures. The cell membranes are similar structures in all types. grampositive bacteria have a large peptidoglycan layer (shown as crossed lines) with associated polysaccharides and proteins. gramnegative bacteria have a smaller peptidoglycan layer linked to an outer membrane. The mycobacterial cell has a series of covalently linked layers, including the peptidoglycan-, arabinogalactan-, and mycolic acid-containing sections.
10.1128/9781555816445/f0017-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816445/f0017-01.gif
FIGURE 1.7
Bacterial cell wall structures. The cell membranes are similar structures in all types. grampositive bacteria have a large peptidoglycan layer (shown as crossed lines) with associated polysaccharides and proteins. gramnegative bacteria have a smaller peptidoglycan layer linked to an outer membrane. The mycobacterial cell has a series of covalently linked layers, including the peptidoglycan-, arabinogalactan-, and mycolic acid-containing sections.
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Introduction,
p 1-54.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch1
/content/10.1128/9781555816445.ch01.ch01fig08
FIGURE 1.8
Basic structure of peptidoglycan. Polysaccharides of repeating sugars are cross-linked by peptide bridges. Two different types of peptide bridges, which have been described in grampositive and gramnegative bacterial cell walls, are shown.
10.1128/9781555816445/f0018-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816445/f0018-01.gif
FIGURE 1.8
Basic structure of peptidoglycan. Polysaccharides of repeating sugars are cross-linked by peptide bridges. Two different types of peptide bridges, which have been described in grampositive and gramnegative bacterial cell walls, are shown.
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Introduction,
p 1-54.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch1
/content/10.1128/9781555816445.ch01.ch01fig09
FIGURE 1.9
Cells of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Courtesy of Clifton Barry, NIAID.
10.1128/9781555816445/f0021-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816445/f0021-01.gif
FIGURE 1.9
Cells of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Courtesy of Clifton Barry, NIAID.
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Introduction,
p 1-54.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch1
/content/10.1128/9781555816445.ch01.ch01fig10
FIGURE 1.10
Basic viral structure.
10.1128/9781555816445/f0024-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816445/f0024-01.gif
FIGURE 1.10
Basic viral structure.
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Introduction,
p 1-54.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch1
/content/10.1128/9781555816445.ch01.ch01fig11
FIGURE 1.11
Typical viral life cycle. The stages include (1) attachment, (2) penetration into the cell, and (3) multiplication. Depending on the virus type, viral particles can be released by cell lysis (4a) or by budding (4b); alternatively, the virus can remain dormant in the cell (4c).
10.1128/9781555816445/f0026-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816445/f0026-01.gif
FIGURE 1.11
Typical viral life cycle. The stages include (1) attachment, (2) penetration into the cell, and (3) multiplication. Depending on the virus type, viral particles can be released by cell lysis (4a) or by budding (4b); alternatively, the virus can remain dormant in the cell (4c).
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Introduction,
p 1-54.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch1
/content/10.1128/9781555816445.ch01.ch01fig12
FIGURE 1.12
E. coli bacteriophages. The T-phages are complex DNA viruses; MS2 and ϕ6 are RNA viruses, with ϕ6 enveloped.
10.1128/9781555816445/f0028-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816445/f0028-01.gif
FIGURE 1.12
E. coli bacteriophages. The T-phages are complex DNA viruses; MS2 and ϕ6 are RNA viruses, with ϕ6 enveloped.
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Introduction,
p 1-54.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch1
/content/10.1128/9781555816445.ch01.ch01fig13
FIGURE 1.13
Theory of prions as infectious proteins. PrPc is the normal form of the protein, and PrPSc the abnormal form.
10.1128/9781555816445/f0028-02_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816445/f0028-02.gif
FIGURE 1.13
Theory of prions as infectious proteins. PrPc is the normal form of the protein, and PrPSc the abnormal form.
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Introduction,
p 1-54.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch1
/content/10.1128/9781555816445.ch01.ch01fig14
FIGURE 1.14
Representation of the proposed structural changes in PrP.
10.1128/9781555816445/f0029-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816445/f0029-01.gif
FIGURE 1.14
Representation of the proposed structural changes in PrP.
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Introduction,
p 1-54.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch1
/content/10.1128/9781555816445.ch01.ch01fig15
FIGURE 1.15
The general structure of lipopolysaccharide. The lipid A component is integrated into the outer membrane of the gramnegative cell wall, with the polysaccharide portion extending to the outside of the cell.
10.1128/9781555816445/f0031-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816445/f0031-01.gif
FIGURE 1.15
The general structure of lipopolysaccharide. The lipid A component is integrated into the outer membrane of the gramnegative cell wall, with the polysaccharide portion extending to the outside of the cell.
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Introduction,
p 1-54.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch1
/content/10.1128/9781555816445.ch01.ch01fig16
FIGURE 1.16
Typical fungal aflatoxin structure.
10.1128/9781555816445/f0031-02_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816445/f0031-02.gif
FIGURE 1.16
Typical fungal aflatoxin structure.
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Introduction,
p 1-54.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch1
/content/10.1128/9781555816445.ch01.ch01fig17
FIGURE 1.17
General microbial resistance to biocides and biocidal processes. This classification can vary depending on the biocide or biocidal process under consideration.
10.1128/9781555816445/f0033-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816445/f0033-01.gif
FIGURE 1.17
General microbial resistance to biocides and biocidal processes. This classification can vary depending on the biocide or biocidal process under consideration.
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Introduction,
p 1-54.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch1
/content/10.1128/9781555816445.ch01.ch01fig18
FIGURE 1.18
Typical time kill, or D-value, determination. A known concentration of the test culture is exposed to the biocide, samples are withdrawn at various times and neutralized, and the population of survivors is determined by incubation on growth medium. The actual exposure can be conducted at various temperatures, in the presence or absence of test soils, or under other test conditions.
10.1128/9781555816445/f0034-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816445/f0034-01.gif
FIGURE 1.18
Typical time kill, or D-value, determination. A known concentration of the test culture is exposed to the biocide, samples are withdrawn at various times and neutralized, and the population of survivors is determined by incubation on growth medium. The actual exposure can be conducted at various temperatures, in the presence or absence of test soils, or under other test conditions.
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Introduction,
p 1-54.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch1
/content/10.1128/9781555816445.ch01.ch01fig19
FIGURE 1.19
Determination of the D value on microbial exposure to a biocide.
10.1128/9781555816445/f0035-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816445/f0035-01.gif
FIGURE 1.19
Determination of the D value on microbial exposure to a biocide.
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Introduction,
p 1-54.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch1
/content/10.1128/9781555816445.ch01.ch01fig20
FIGURE 1.20
Typical survivor curves on biocide exposure. Curve 1 is concave downward, curve 2 is sigmoidal, and curve 3 is concave upward.
10.1128/9781555816445/f0036-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816445/f0036-01.gif
FIGURE 1.20
Typical survivor curves on biocide exposure. Curve 1 is concave downward, curve 2 is sigmoidal, and curve 3 is concave upward.
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Introduction,
p 1-54.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch1
/content/10.1128/9781555816445.ch01.ch01fig21
FIGURE 1.21
Qualitative and semiquantitative population determinations.
10.1128/9781555816445/f0036-02_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816445/f0036-02.gif
FIGURE 1.21
Qualitative and semiquantitative population determinations.
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Introduction,
p 1-54.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch1
/content/10.1128/9781555816445.ch01.ch01fig22
FIGURE 1.22
D-value estimation using most probable number estimations.
10.1128/9781555816445/f0037-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816445/f0037-01.gif
FIGURE 1.22
D-value estimation using most probable number estimations.
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Introduction,
p 1-54.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch1
/content/10.1128/9781555816445.ch01.ch01fig23
FIGURE 1.23
Example of a self-contained biological indicator. The 3M Attest 1292 Rapid Readout Biological Indicator is used to monitor steam sterilization cycles. Reproduced with permission of 3M Health Care.
10.1128/9781555816445/f0040-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816445/f0040-01.gif
FIGURE 1.23
Example of a self-contained biological indicator. The 3M Attest 1292 Rapid Readout Biological Indicator is used to monitor steam sterilization cycles. Reproduced with permission of 3M Health Care.
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Introduction,
p 1-54.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch1
/content/10.1128/9781555816445.ch01.ch01fig24
FIGURE 1.24
Example of a chemical-indicator color change.
10.1128/9781555816445/f0043-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816445/f0043-01.gif
FIGURE 1.24
Example of a chemical-indicator color change.
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Introduction,
p 1-54.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch1
/content/10.1128/9781555816445.ch01.ch01fig25
FIGURE 1.25
Rate of microbial inactivation on exposure to sterilization processes. In this case, the test microorganism (generally bacterial spores) at a starting population of 106 is exposed to the sterilizing agent under two conditions (A and B). The number of microorganisms can be determined over contact time or dose using a combination of direct-enumeration and fraction-negative methods (solid lines). In process A, “tailing” is observed, which may not allow the extrapolation of the kill curve to a defined probability of survival (known as an SAL). In process B, the kill curve is linear, allowing extrapolation (dotted line) to an SAL of 10–6.
10.1128/9781555816445/f0045-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816445/f0045-01.gif
FIGURE 1.25
Rate of microbial inactivation on exposure to sterilization processes. In this case, the test microorganism (generally bacterial spores) at a starting population of 106 is exposed to the sterilizing agent under two conditions (A and B). The number of microorganisms can be determined over contact time or dose using a combination of direct-enumeration and fraction-negative methods (solid lines). In process A, “tailing” is observed, which may not allow the extrapolation of the kill curve to a defined probability of survival (known as an SAL). In process B, the kill curve is linear, allowing extrapolation (dotted line) to an SAL of 10–6.
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Introduction,
p 1-54.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch1
/content/10.1128/9781555816445.ch01.ch01fig26
FIGURE 1.26
Basic structures of surfactants and soaps and micelles (a water-in-oil micelle is shown).
10.1128/9781555816445/f0049-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816445/f0049-01.gif
FIGURE 1.26
Basic structures of surfactants and soaps and micelles (a water-in-oil micelle is shown).
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Introduction,
p 1-54.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch1
/content/10.1128/9781555816445.ch01.ch01fig27
FIGURE 1.27
Examples of single (left)- and multiple (right)-chamber washer and washer-disinfector machines. Washer-disinfectors can come in a variety of shapes and sizes, depending on their required uses.
10.1128/9781555816445/f0051-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816445/f0051-01.gif
FIGURE 1.27
Examples of single (left)- and multiple (right)-chamber washer and washer-disinfector machines. Washer-disinfectors can come in a variety of shapes and sizes, depending on their required uses.
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Introduction,
p 1-54.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch1
/content/10.1128/9781555816445.ch01.ch01fig28
FIGURE 1.28
Various types of cleaning chemical formulations.
10.1128/9781555816445/f0052-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816445/f0052-01.gif
FIGURE 1.28
Various types of cleaning chemical formulations.
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Introduction,
p 1-54.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch1
References
/content/book/10.1128/9781555816445.ch01
1.
American National Standards Institute. 2006. Sterilization of Health Care Products—Vocabulary. ISO/TS 11139:2006. American National Standards Institute, Washington, D.C.
2.
American National Standards Institute. 2000. Sterilization of Health Care Products—General Requirements for Characterization of a Sterilizing Agent and the Development, Validation and Routine Control of a Sterilization Process for Medical Devices. ISO 14937:2000. American National Standards Institute, Washington, D.C.
3.
Ascenzi, J. M. 1996. Handbook of Disinfectants and Antiseptics. Marcel Dekker, New York, N.Y.
4.
Block, S. S. 2001. Disinfection, Sterilization, and Preservation, 5th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, Pa.
5.
Collier, L., and, J. Oxford. 2000. Human Virology, 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, New York, N.Y.
6.
Flick, E. W. 1999. Advanced Cleaning Product Formulations, vol. 5. Noyes Publications, Norwich, N.Y.
7.
Fraise, A. P.,, P. A. Lambert, and, J.-Y. Maillard. 2004. Russell, Hugo and Ayliffe’s Principles and Practice of Disinfection, Preservation and Sterilization, 4th ed. Blackwell Publishing, Malden, Mass.
8.
Greenwood, D.,, R. Slack, and , J. Peutherer. 2002. Medical Microbiology, a Guide to Microbial Infections: Pathogenesis, Immunity, Laboratory Diagnosis and Control. Churchill Livingstone, New York, N.Y.
9.
Holt, J. G.,, N. R. Krieg,, P. H. A. Sneath,, J. T. Staley, and, S. T. Williams (ed.). 1994. Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, Md.
10.
Hurst, C. J.,, R. L. Crawford,, J. L. Garland,, D. A. Lipson,, A. L. Mills, and, L. D. Stetzenbach (ed.). 2007. Manual of Environmental Microbiology, 3rd ed. ASM Press, Washington, D.C.
11.
International Society for Pharmaceutical Engineering. 2001. Baseline Guide, vol. 4. Water and Steam Systems. International Society for Pharmaceutical Engineering, Tampa, Fla.
12.
Kanegsberg, B., and, E. Kanegsberg. 2001. Handbook for Critical Cleaning: Aqueous, Solvent, Advanced Processes, Surface Preparation, and Contamination Control. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla.
13.
Kohn, W. G.,, A. S. Collins,, J. L. Cleveland,, J. A. Harte,, K. J. Eklund, and, D. M. Malvitz. 2003. Guidelines for infection control in dental healthcare settings. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 52 ( RR-17): 1– 61.
14.
LeBlanc, D. A. 2000. Validated Cleaning Technologies for Pharmaceutical Manufacturing. Interpharm Press, Denver, Colo.
15.
Madigan, M. T.,, J. M. Martinko, and, J. Parker. 2003. Brock Biology of Microorganisms, 10th ed. Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, N. J.
16.
Montville, T. J., and, K. R. Matthews. 2005. Food Microbiology: an Introduction. ASM Press, Washington, D.C.
17.
Murray, P. R.,, E. J. Baron,, M. A. Pfaller,, F. C. Ten-over, and, R. H. Yolken (ed.). 2003. Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 8th ed. ASM Press, Washington, D.C.
18.
Prusiner, S. B. 2004. Prion Biology and Diseases, 2nd ed. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Woodbury, N.Y.
19.
Russell, A. D.,, W. B. Hugo, and, G. A. J. Ayliffe. 1992. Principles and Practice of Disinfection, Preservation and Sterilization, 2nd ed. Blackwell Science, Cambridge, Mass.
20.
Sehulster, L., and, R.Y.W. Chinn. 2003. Guidelines for environmental infection control in health-care facilities. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 52 ( RR-10): 1– 42.
21.
van Doorne, H. 2004. A Basic Primer on Pharmaceutical Microbiology. PDA, Bethesda, Md.
22.
Von Rheinbaben, F., and, M. H. Wolff. 2002. Hand-buch der viruswirksamen Desinfektionen. Springer-Verlag, New York, N.Y.
Tables
Introduction
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Introduction,
p 1-54.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch1
/content/10.1128/9781555816445.ch01.ch01tab01
TABLE 1.1
Examples of various types of microorganisms
TABLE 1.1
Examples of various types of microorganisms
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Introduction,
p 1-54.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch1
/content/10.1128/9781555816445.ch01.ch01tab02
TABLE 1.2
Some advantages and disadvantages of microorganisms
TABLE 1.2
Some advantages and disadvantages of microorganisms
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Introduction,
p 1-54.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch1
/content/10.1128/9781555816445.ch01.ch01tab03
TABLE 1.3
Comparison of general prokaryotic and eukaryotic structuresa
TABLE 1.3
Comparison of general prokaryotic and eukaryotic structuresa
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Introduction,
p 1-54.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch1
/content/10.1128/9781555816445.ch01.ch01tab04
TABLE 1.4
Helminths associated with disease
TABLE 1.4
Helminths associated with disease
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Introduction,
p 1-54.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch1
/content/10.1128/9781555816445.ch01.ch01tab05
TABLE 1.5
Examples of common fungi
TABLE 1.5
Examples of common fungi
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Introduction,
p 1-54.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch1
/content/10.1128/9781555816445.ch01.ch01tab06
TABLE 1.6
Classification of protozoa, based on their motility mechanisms and microscopic morphologies
TABLE 1.6
Classification of protozoa, based on their motility mechanisms and microscopic morphologies
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Introduction,
p 1-54.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch1
/content/10.1128/9781555816445.ch01.ch01tab07
TABLE 1.7
Examples of pathogenic mycoplasmas
TABLE 1.7
Examples of pathogenic mycoplasmas
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Introduction,
p 1-54.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch1
/content/10.1128/9781555816445.ch01.ch01tab08
TABLE 1.8
General differentiation of types of bacteria based on their microscopic morphologies and reactions to Gram staining
TABLE 1.8
General differentiation of types of bacteria based on their microscopic morphologies and reactions to Gram staining
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Introduction,
p 1-54.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch1
/content/10.1128/9781555816445.ch01.ch01tab09
TABLE 1.9
Examples of grampositive bacteria
TABLE 1.9
Examples of grampositive bacteria
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Introduction,
p 1-54.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch1
/content/10.1128/9781555816445.ch01.ch01tab10
TABLE 1.10
Examples of gramnegative bacteria
TABLE 1.10
Examples of gramnegative bacteria
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Introduction,
p 1-54.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch1
/content/10.1128/9781555816445.ch01.ch01tab11
TABLE 1.11
Cell wall structures in mycobacteria and related organisms
TABLE 1.11
Cell wall structures in mycobacteria and related organisms
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Introduction,
p 1-54.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch1
/content/10.1128/9781555816445.ch01.ch01tab12
TABLE 1.12
Examples of extremophile archaea
TABLE 1.12
Examples of extremophile archaea
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Introduction,
p 1-54.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch1
/content/10.1128/9781555816445.ch01.ch01tab13
TABLE 1.13
Viral families, with examples of classifications, including size, presence of a lipophilic envelope, and nucleic acid type
TABLE 1.13
Viral families, with examples of classifications, including size, presence of a lipophilic envelope, and nucleic acid type
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Introduction,
p 1-54.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch1
/content/10.1128/9781555816445.ch01.ch01tab14
TABLE 1.14
Examples of viral diseases
TABLE 1.14
Examples of viral diseases
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Introduction,
p 1-54.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch1
/content/10.1128/9781555816445.ch01.ch01tab15
TABLE 1.15
Examples of bacterial, fungal, and algal toxins
TABLE 1.15
Examples of bacterial, fungal, and algal toxins
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Introduction,
p 1-54.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch1
/content/10.1128/9781555816445.ch01.ch01tab16
TABLE 1.16
Common examples of bacterial exotoxins
TABLE 1.16
Common examples of bacterial exotoxins
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Introduction,
p 1-54.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch1
/content/10.1128/9781555816445.ch01.ch01tab17
TABLE 1.17
Examples of surrogate microorganisms used to test and verify antimicrobial activities of biocides, products, and processes
TABLE 1.17
Examples of surrogate microorganisms used to test and verify antimicrobial activities of biocides, products, and processes
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Introduction,
p 1-54.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch1
/content/10.1128/9781555816445.ch01.ch01table01
Untitled
Untitled
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Introduction,
p 1-54.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch1
/content/10.1128/9781555816445.ch01.ch01tab18
TABLE 1.18
Examples of standardized suspension tests
TABLE 1.18
Examples of standardized suspension tests
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Introduction,
p 1-54.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch1
/content/10.1128/9781555816445.ch01.ch01tab19
TABLE 1.19
Examples of standardized carrier tests
TABLE 1.19
Examples of standardized carrier tests
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Introduction,
p 1-54.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch1
/content/10.1128/9781555816445.ch01.ch01tab20
TABLE 1.20
Examples of simulated-use and/or in-use tests and/or guidelines
a
TABLE 1.20
Examples of simulated-use and/or in-use tests and/or guidelines a
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Introduction,
p 1-54.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch1
/content/10.1128/9781555816445.ch01.ch01tab21
TABLE 1.21
Bacterial-endospore species used to monitor and validate sterilization processes
TABLE 1.21
Bacterial-endospore species used to monitor and validate sterilization processes
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Introduction,
p 1-54.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch1
/content/10.1128/9781555816445.ch01.ch01tab22
TABLE 1.22
Examples of biological-indicator standards
TABLE 1.22
Examples of biological-indicator standards
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Introduction,
p 1-54.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch1
/content/10.1128/9781555816445.ch01.ch01tab23
TABLE 1.23
A typical classification of chemical indicators
TABLE 1.23
A typical classification of chemical indicators
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Introduction,
p 1-54.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch1
/content/10.1128/9781555816445.ch01.ch01tab24
TABLE 1.24
Examples of chemical-indicator standards
TABLE 1.24
Examples of chemical-indicator standards
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Introduction,
p 1-54.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch1
/content/10.1128/9781555816445.ch01.ch01tab25
TABLE 1.25
Examples of standards and guidelines for antisepsis, disinfection and sterilization
TABLE 1.25
Examples of standards and guidelines for antisepsis, disinfection and sterilization
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Introduction,
p 1-54.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch1
/content/10.1128/9781555816445.ch01.ch01tab26
TABLE 1.26
Various constituents of formulated biocidal products
TABLE 1.26
Various constituents of formulated biocidal products
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Introduction,
p 1-54.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch1
/content/10.1128/9781555816445.ch01.ch01tab27
TABLE 1.27
Examples of process variables in various disinfection/sterilization techniques
TABLE 1.27
Examples of process variables in various disinfection/sterilization techniques
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Introduction,
p 1-54.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch1
/content/10.1128/9781555816445.ch01.ch01tab28
TABLE 1.28
Various components of cleaning formulations
TABLE 1.28
Various components of cleaning formulations
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Introduction,
p 1-54.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch1
/content/10.1128/9781555816445.ch01.ch01tab29
TABLE 1.29
Examples of common water contaminants and their effects
TABLE 1.29
Examples of common water contaminants and their effects
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Introduction,
p 1-54.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch1