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Chapter 6 : Chemical Sterilization
Author:
Gerald E. McDonnell1
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Affiliations:
1: Vice President of Research and EMEA Affairs STERIS Limited
Basingstoke, Hampshire, United Kingdom
Basingstoke, Hampshire, United Kingdom
Content Type: Monograph
Publication Year:
2007
Category: Industrial Microbiology; Clinical Microbiology
Book DOI:
10.1128/9781555816445
Chapter DOI:
10.1128/9781555816445.ch6
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Chemical Sterilization, Page 1 of 2
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Abstract:
This chapter provides an overview on chemical sterilization. Sterilization is a validated process that ensures that a surface or product is free from viable microorganisms, and evidence should be provided to support such a designation of a process. Despite the wide variety of chemical biocides, only a limited number have actually been developed for use in sterilization processes. They include the epoxides (particularly ethylene oxide (EO)), formaldehyde, hydrogen peroxide-based systems, and other oxidizing-agent-based liquid and gaseous processes. These systems are primarily used as alternatives to physical sterilization methods, particularly due to material compatibility concerns, for example, as alternatives to steam for the sterilization of temperature-sensitive materials. The type and application, spectrum of activity, advantages, disadvantages, and mode of action of each is discussed. EO is one of the most widely used products for industrial sterilization. Low temperature steam-formaldehyde (LTSF) systems are used for medical, dental, and some industrial sterilization processes. High-temperature formaldehyde-alcohol sterilization is a process that combines the biocidal activities of heat with those of formaldehyde and alcohol. Hydrogen peroxide solutions are not generally used in sterilization processes, but gaseous hydrogen peroxide is rapidly sporicidal at much lower concentrations and is considered significantly less damaging to surfaces. A section discusses other oxidizing agent-based sterilization processes that have been described or that are widely used.
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Chemical Sterilization,
p 191-215.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch6
Figures
Chemical Sterilization
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Chemical Sterilization,
p 191-215.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch6
/content/10.1128/9781555816445.ch06.ch06figure01
Untitled
10.1128/9781555816445/f0192-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816445/f0192-01.gif
Untitled
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Chemical Sterilization,
p 191-215.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch6
/content/10.1128/9781555816445.ch06.ch06fig01
FIGURE 6.1
An example of a small EO sterilizer, showing the front-loading sterilizer chamber into which the load is placed (load not shown) and the insertion of an EO canister, which is used to deliver the gas during the sterilization process.
10.1128/9781555816445/f0192-02_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816445/f0192-02.gif
FIGURE 6.1
An example of a small EO sterilizer, showing the front-loading sterilizer chamber into which the load is placed (load not shown) and the insertion of an EO canister, which is used to deliver the gas during the sterilization process.
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Chemical Sterilization,
p 191-215.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch6
/content/10.1128/9781555816445.ch06.ch06fig02
FIGURE 6.2
A typical EO sterilizer.
10.1128/9781555816445/f0193-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816445/f0193-01.gif
FIGURE 6.2
A typical EO sterilizer.
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Chemical Sterilization,
p 191-215.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch6
/content/10.1128/9781555816445.ch06.ch06fig03
FIGURE 6.3
Typical EO sterilization processes. Vacuum processes (top), in which sterilization is conducted at pressures below atmospheric pressure, are generally applied with 100% EO, while pressurized cycles (bottom), in which sterilization is conducted above atmospheric pressure, use EO mixtures.
10.1128/9781555816445/f0193-02_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816445/f0193-02.gif
FIGURE 6.3
Typical EO sterilization processes. Vacuum processes (top), in which sterilization is conducted at pressures below atmospheric pressure, are generally applied with 100% EO, while pressurized cycles (bottom), in which sterilization is conducted above atmospheric pressure, use EO mixtures.
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Chemical Sterilization,
p 191-215.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch6
/content/10.1128/9781555816445.ch06.ch06fig04
FIGURE 6.4
The sporicidal (B. atrophaeus) effects of EO concentrations at 60% relative humidity and 54°C.
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10.1128/9781555816445/f0195-01.gif
FIGURE 6.4
The sporicidal (B. atrophaeus) effects of EO concentrations at 60% relative humidity and 54°C.
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Chemical Sterilization,
p 191-215.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch6
/content/10.1128/9781555816445.ch06.ch06figure02
Untitled
10.1128/9781555816445/f0197-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816445/f0197-01.gif
Untitled
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Chemical Sterilization,
p 191-215.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch6
/content/10.1128/9781555816445.ch06.ch06fig05
FIGURE 6.5
A representation of a typical LTSF sterilization system.
10.1128/9781555816445/f0197-02_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816445/f0197-02.gif
FIGURE 6.5
A representation of a typical LTSF sterilization system.
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Chemical Sterilization,
p 191-215.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch6
/content/10.1128/9781555816445.ch06.ch06fig06
FIGURE 6.6
A typical LTSF sterilization cycle.
10.1128/9781555816445/f0198-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816445/f0198-01.gif
FIGURE 6.6
A typical LTSF sterilization cycle.
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Chemical Sterilization,
p 191-215.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch6
/content/10.1128/9781555816445.ch06.ch06fig07
FIGURE 6.7
An LTSF sterilizer. The sterilizer (with the door open) is shown on the left, with the liquid formalin delivery system on the right.
10.1128/9781555816445/f0199-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816445/f0199-01.gif
FIGURE 6.7
An LTSF sterilizer. The sterilizer (with the door open) is shown on the left, with the liquid formalin delivery system on the right.
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Chemical Sterilization,
p 191-215.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch6
/content/10.1128/9781555816445.ch06.ch06figure03
Untitled
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10.1128/9781555816445/f0200-01.gif
Untitled
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Chemical Sterilization,
p 191-215.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch6
/content/10.1128/9781555816445.ch06.ch06figure04
Untitled
10.1128/9781555816445/f0201-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816445/f0201-01.gif
Untitled
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Chemical Sterilization,
p 191-215.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch6
/content/10.1128/9781555816445.ch06.ch06fig08
FIGURE 6.8
An example of the effect of the hydrogen peroxide gas concentration on sporicidal activity. Various gas concentrations were tested under atmospheric pressure with G. stearothermophilus spores.
10.1128/9781555816445/f0201-02_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816445/f0201-02.gif
FIGURE 6.8
An example of the effect of the hydrogen peroxide gas concentration on sporicidal activity. Various gas concentrations were tested under atmospheric pressure with G. stearothermophilus spores.
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Chemical Sterilization,
p 191-215.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch6
/content/10.1128/9781555816445.ch06.ch06fig09
FIGURE 6.9
A typical hydrogen peroxide gas sterilizer.
10.1128/9781555816445/f0203-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816445/f0203-01.gif
FIGURE 6.9
A typical hydrogen peroxide gas sterilizer.
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Chemical Sterilization,
p 191-215.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch6
/content/10.1128/9781555816445.ch06.ch06fig10
FIGURE 6.10
STERRAD hydrogen peroxide gas-plasma sterilizers. (Reprinted with permission from Advanced Sterilization Products, a Johnson & Johnson company.)
10.1128/9781555816445/f0203-02_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816445/f0203-02.gif
FIGURE 6.10
STERRAD hydrogen peroxide gas-plasma sterilizers. (Reprinted with permission from Advanced Sterilization Products, a Johnson & Johnson company.)
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Chemical Sterilization,
p 191-215.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch6
/content/10.1128/9781555816445.ch06.ch06fig11
FIGURE 6.11
Typical hydrogen peroxide gas sterilization processes. In the cycle on the right, only single conditioning, sterilization, and aeration pulses, which can vary in number (N) depending on the application, are shown. Similarly, the gas-plasma cycles can have multiple-stage pulses (only a single pulse is shown); for example, the most widely used health care application (the STERRAD 100S) consists of two peroxide injections.
10.1128/9781555816445/f0204-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816445/f0204-01.gif
FIGURE 6.11
Typical hydrogen peroxide gas sterilization processes. In the cycle on the right, only single conditioning, sterilization, and aeration pulses, which can vary in number (N) depending on the application, are shown. Similarly, the gas-plasma cycles can have multiple-stage pulses (only a single pulse is shown); for example, the most widely used health care application (the STERRAD 100S) consists of two peroxide injections.
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Chemical Sterilization,
p 191-215.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch6
/content/10.1128/9781555816445.ch06.ch06fig12
FIGURE 6.12
A SYSTEM 1 processor with STERIS 20 sterilant. (Reprinted with permission of STERIS Corporation.)
10.1128/9781555816445/f0207-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816445/f0207-01.gif
FIGURE 6.12
A SYSTEM 1 processor with STERIS 20 sterilant. (Reprinted with permission of STERIS Corporation.)
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Chemical Sterilization,
p 191-215.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch6
/content/10.1128/9781555816445.ch06.ch06fig13
FIGURE 6.13
Electrolyzed water. (A) A typical electrolyzed-water generator. (B) Generation of electrolyzed water, with a simple depiction of the active species formed.
10.1128/9781555816445/f0208-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816445/f0208-01.gif
FIGURE 6.13
Electrolyzed water. (A) A typical electrolyzed-water generator. (B) Generation of electrolyzed water, with a simple depiction of the active species formed.
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Chemical Sterilization,
p 191-215.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch6
/content/10.1128/9781555816445.ch06.ch06fig14
FIGURE 6.14
Examples of electrolyzed-water generators. Courtesy of Sterilox Technologies.
10.1128/9781555816445/f0210-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816445/f0210-01.gif
FIGURE 6.14
Examples of electrolyzed-water generators. Courtesy of Sterilox Technologies.
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Chemical Sterilization,
p 191-215.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch6
/content/10.1128/9781555816445.ch06.ch06fig15
FIGURE 6.15
A 125-liter ozone sterilizer. (Reprinted with permission from TSO3.)
10.1128/9781555816445/f0213-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816445/f0213-01.gif
FIGURE 6.15
A 125-liter ozone sterilizer. (Reprinted with permission from TSO3.)
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Chemical Sterilization,
p 191-215.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch6
References
/content/book/10.1128/9781555816445.ch06
1.
Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation. 2005. Sterilization. Part 1: Sterilization in Health Care Facilities. Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation, Arlington, Va.
2.
Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation. 2005. Sterilization. Part 2: Sterilization Equipment. Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation, Arlington, Va.
3.
Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation. 2005. Sterilization. Part 3: Industrial Process Control. Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation, Arlington, Va.
4.
Block, S. S. 1991. Disinfection, Sterilization, and Preservation, 4th ed. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, Pa.
5.
Block, S. S. 2001. Disinfection, Sterilization, and Preservation, 5th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, Pa.
6.
Booth, A. F. 1999. Sterilization of Medical Devices. PDA, Bethesda, Md.
7.
Fraise, A. P.,, P. A. Lambert, and, J.-Y. Maillard. 2004. Russell, Hugo & Ayliffe’s Principles and Practice of Disinfection, Preservation & Sterilization, 4th ed. Blackwell Science Ltd., Malden, Mass.
8.
Olson, W. P., and, F. M. Nordhauser. 1998. Sterilization of Drugs and Devices: Technologies for the 21st Century. PDA, Bethesda, Md.
9.
Russell, A. D.,, W. B. Hugo, and, G. A. J. Ayliffe. 1992. Principles and Practice of Disinfection, Preservation & Sterilization, 2nd ed. Blackwell Science, Cambridge, Mass.
Tables
Chemical Sterilization
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Chemical Sterilization,
p 191-215.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch6
/content/10.1128/9781555816445.ch06.ch06tab01
TABLE 6.1
Typical ethylene oxide sterilization process conditions, based on FDA-approved cycles for hospital sterilizer applications
a
TABLE 6.1
Typical ethylene oxide sterilization process conditions, based on FDA-approved cycles for hospital sterilizer applications a
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Chemical Sterilization,
p 191-215.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch6
/content/10.1128/9781555816445.ch06.ch06tab02
TABLE 6.2
Examples of standards and guidelines for EO sterilization applications
TABLE 6.2
Examples of standards and guidelines for EO sterilization applications
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Chemical Sterilization,
p 191-215.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch6
/content/10.1128/9781555816445.ch06.ch06tab03
TABLE 6.3
Examples of standards and guidelines for LTSF sterilization applications
TABLE 6.3
Examples of standards and guidelines for LTSF sterilization applications
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Chemical Sterilization,
p 191-215.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch6
/content/10.1128/9781555816445.ch06.ch06tab04
TABLE 6.4
Comparison of STERRAD hydrogen peroxide gas-plasma sterilization systems used in health care applications
TABLE 6.4
Comparison of STERRAD hydrogen peroxide gas-plasma sterilization systems used in health care applications
Citation:
McDonnell G.
2007.
Chemical Sterilization,
p 191-215.
In
Antisepsis, Disinfection, and Sterilization.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816445.ch6