Contribution of Phages to Group A Streptococcus Genetic Diversity and Pathogenesis

David J. Banks; Stephen B. Beres; James M. Musser

doi:10.1128/9781555816506.ch16

Chapter 16 : Contribution of Phages to Group A Streptococcus Genetic Diversity and Pathogenesis

Authors: David J. Banks¹, Stephen B. Beres², James M. Musser²

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Affiliations: 1: Laboratory of Human Bacterial Pathogenesis, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840; 2: Laboratory of Human Bacterial Pathogenesis, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840; 3: Center for Human Bacterial Pathogenesis Research, Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030

Content Type: Monograph

Publication Year: 2005

Category: Bacterial Pathogenesis; Microbial Genetics and Molecular Biology

Book DOI: 10.1128/9781555816506

Chapter DOI: 10.1128/9781555816506.ch16

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Abstract:

The majority of research conducted in the field of streptococcal phages has concentrated on group A Streptococcus (GAS) phages. Therefore, the majority of this chapter reviews GAS phages. However, when pertinent, the chapter also discusses phages from group C Streptococcus (GCS) and group G Streptococcus (GGS). The results of comparative genomics described in this chapter have led to two predictions regarding the acquisition of phage-encoded virulence factors and GAS pathogenesis. First, it is the particular array of phage-encoded virulence factors, rather than simply the presence or absence of a single phage-encoded virulence factor, that significantly affects GAS pathogenesis by promoting the colonization of new hosts or the occupation of new biologic niches. Second, the complex pathogenesis of GAS is related to polylysogeny. Importantly, the genome sequences identified previously unknown phages and phage-encoded virulence factors, thereby raising the possibility that sequencing the genomes of additional GAS strains associated with specific clinical syndromes may identify additional novel phage-encoded virulence factors. Toxins and other virulence factors encoded by GAS phages can be divided into two main groups, including pyrogenic toxin superantigens (PTSAgs) and non-PTSAgs. It is well known that GAS prophages encode extracellular proteins that interact with the host during infection and contribute to pathogenesis. Only recently has the significant link between phage biology, genome diversity, and streptococcal pathogenesis been fully appreciated. Continued investigations of streptococcal phage biology will undoubtedly reveal additional significant contributions that these mobile genetic elements have in bacterial pathogenesis and human disease.

Citation: Banks D, Beres S, Musser J. 2005. Contribution of Phages to Group A Streptococcus Genetic Diversity and Pathogenesis, p 319-334. In Waldor M, Friedman D, Adhya S (ed), Phages. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816506.ch16

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Tables

Contribution of Phages to Group A Streptococcus Genetic Diversity and Pathogenesis

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/content/10.1128/9781555816506.chap16.tab16-1

TABLE 1

Induction of prophages in strain MGAS315 a

aRelative degrees of prophage induction are indicated as follows: ±, variable and weak; + +, intermediate; + + +, strong.

bProtein-reduced Todd Hewitt broth plus yeast medium.

cMinimal essential medium.

10.1128/9781555816506/tab16-1_thmb.gif

10.1128/9781555816506/tab16-1.gif

TABLE 1

Induction of prophages in strain MGAS315 a

aRelative degrees of prophage induction are indicated as follows: ±, variable and weak; + +, intermediate; + + +, strong.

bProtein-reduced Todd Hewitt broth plus yeast medium.

cMinimal essential medium.