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Chapter 12 : Mycoviruses

Author: Donald L. Nuss1
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Affiliations: 1: Center for Biosystems Research, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Rockville, MD 20850
Content Type: Monograph
Publication Year: 2010

Category: Microbial Genetics and Molecular Biology; Fungi and Fungal Pathogenesis

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Abstract:

This chapter provides an overview of viruses associated with filamentous fungi while highlighting recent developments in mycovirus molecular biology that illustrate the potential utility of mycoviruses for fundamental research and practical applications. Hypoviruses were originally classified as double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) viruses due to the prominence of dsRNA found in extracts of infected . While the six taxonomic families described in this chapter accommodate the majority of mycoviruses, a growing list of recently characterized mycoviruses remains unclassified. Mycovirus infections share several features that are distinctive from plant and animal viruses. Perhaps the most significant difference is that the life cycle of mycoviruses is not punctuated by an extracellular transmission phase. The major taxonomic classes of mycoviruses are represented among the viruses that are associated with the hypovirulence phenotype, which also includes a number of interesting unclassified mycoviruses. Antiviral defense mechanisms currently identified in fungi include a self/nonself recognition system that presents barriers to the major mode of mycovirus transmission and an RNA recognition system that targets mycovirus RNA for destruction. The concept of engineering mycoviruses to manipulate the phenotypic traits of the fungal host has, in fact, been reduced to practice. Mycoviruses are now known to be widely distributed throughout the kingdom Fungi. Advances made with the hypovirus-experimental system have demonstrated that, similar to viruses of plants and animals, mycoviruses have utility for elucidating host function and manipulating host phenotype.

Citation: Nuss D. 2010. Mycoviruses, p 145-152. In Borkovich K, Ebbole D (ed), Cellular and Molecular Biology of Filamentous Fungi. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816636.ch12
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Mycoviruses
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Citation: Nuss D. 2010. Mycoviruses, p 145-152. In Borkovich K, Ebbole D (ed), Cellular and Molecular Biology of Filamentous Fungi. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816636.ch12
/content/10.1128/9781555816636.ch12.ch12fig01
FIGURE 1
Hypovirus CHV1-EP713 genome organization, expression strategy, and reverse genetics. (A) The coding strand RNA of prototypic hypovirus CHV1-EP713 consists of 12,712 nucleotides (nt), excluding the poly(A) tail. The 5’-proximal coding domain, open reading frame A (622 codons), encodes two polypeptides, p29 and p40, that are released from a polyprotein, p69, by an autocatalytic event mediated by p29. Expression of open reading frame B (3,165 codons) also involves an auto-proteolytic event in which a 48-kDa polypeptide, p48, is released from the N-terminal portion of the encoded polyprotein. Adapted with permission from . (B) Diagram illustrating the basic elements of the transformation (left) and transfection (right) protocols. Parallel horizontal bars (=) indicate hypovirus dsRNA. Adapted with permission from .
10.1128/9781555816636/f0148-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816636/f0148-01.gif
Image of FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1

Hypovirus CHV1-EP713 genome organization, expression strategy, and reverse genetics. (A) The coding strand RNA of prototypic hypovirus CHV1-EP713 consists of 12,712 nucleotides (nt), excluding the poly(A) tail. The 5’-proximal coding domain, open reading frame A (622 codons), encodes two polypeptides, p29 and p40, that are released from a polyprotein, p69, by an autocatalytic event mediated by p29. Expression of open reading frame B (3,165 codons) also involves an auto-proteolytic event in which a 48-kDa polypeptide, p48, is released from the N-terminal portion of the encoded polyprotein. Adapted with permission from . (B) Diagram illustrating the basic elements of the transformation (left) and transfection (right) protocols. Parallel horizontal bars (=) indicate hypovirus dsRNA. Adapted with permission from .

Citation: Nuss D. 2010. Mycoviruses, p 145-152. In Borkovich K, Ebbole D (ed), Cellular and Molecular Biology of Filamentous Fungi. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816636.ch12
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Tables

Mycoviruses
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Citation: Nuss D. 2010. Mycoviruses, p 145-152. In Borkovich K, Ebbole D (ed), Cellular and Molecular Biology of Filamentous Fungi. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816636.ch12
/content/10.1128/9781555816636.ch12.ch12tab01
TABLE 1
Primary mycovirus taxonomic families
Generic image for table
TABLE 1

Primary mycovirus taxonomic families

Citation: Nuss D. 2010. Mycoviruses, p 145-152. In Borkovich K, Ebbole D (ed), Cellular and Molecular Biology of Filamentous Fungi. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816636.ch12
/content/10.1128/9781555816636.ch12.ch12tab02
TABLE 2
Examples of mycovirus-mediated alteration in fungal host phenotype
Generic image for table
TABLE 2

Examples of mycovirus-mediated alteration in fungal host phenotype

Citation: Nuss D. 2010. Mycoviruses, p 145-152. In Borkovich K, Ebbole D (ed), Cellular and Molecular Biology of Filamentous Fungi. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816636.ch12

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