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Chapter 20 : Biology and Genetics of Vegetative Incompatibility in Fungi

Authors: Duur K. Aanen1, Alfons J. M. Debets2, N. Louise Glass3, Sven J. Saupe4
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Affiliations: 1: Laboratory of Genetics, Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands; 2: Laboratory of Genetics, Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands; 3: Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720; 4: Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire des Champignons, IBGC UMR CNRS 5095, Université de Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France
Content Type: Monograph
Publication Year: 2010

Category: Microbial Genetics and Molecular Biology; Fungi and Fungal Pathogenesis

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Abstract:

Filamentous fungi have the ability to undergo somatic cell fusion. When somatic cell fusion occurs between distinct natural isolates of a given species, the fusion cell is adversely affected to various extents. The adverse reaction ranges from a simple growth impairment to an acute cell death reaction. This phenomenon is known as vegetative (or heterokaryon) incompatibility (VI). VI can be envisioned as a conspecific somatic self/nonself recognition process analogous to other somatic allorecognition processes described in other phyla. The VI reaction is triggered by genetic differences between fungal individuals and is defined by precise gene-to-gene interactions. The plant pathogen may have acquired a gene as a potential virulence factor to trigger the VI reaction in and utilize the fungus as a sole nutrient source. Two types of heterokaryons have been reported in filamentous ascomycete fungi. Genes involved in VI have been identified so far in only two species: and . Two categories of genes involved in VI have been characterized. The first category includes genes that encode recognition function and are polymorphic between individuals. The second category includes downstream or upstream effector genes, in which mutations suppress or attenuate phenotypes associated with VI. VI in fungi as a paradigm for allorecognition in genetically tractable simple eukaryotic species holds great promise to gain a better understanding of the general principles that govern the evolution of nonself recognition systems.

Citation: Aanen D, Debets A, Glass N, Saupe S. 2010. Biology and Genetics of Vegetative Incompatibility in Fungi, p 274-288. In Borkovich K, Ebbole D (ed), Cellular and Molecular Biology of Filamentous Fungi. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816636.ch20
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Biology and Genetics of Vegetative Incompatibility in Fungi
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Citation: Aanen D, Debets A, Glass N, Saupe S. 2010. Biology and Genetics of Vegetative Incompatibility in Fungi, p 274-288. In Borkovich K, Ebbole D (ed), Cellular and Molecular Biology of Filamentous Fungi. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816636.ch20
/content/10.1128/9781555816636.ch20.ch20fig01
FIGURE 1
Incompatibility assays, barrage tests, and forced heterokaryon tests. (A) Barrage test in . Strains on the left plate are compatible and show normal contact zones; the strains on the right plate are incompatible and show a barrage reaction, which on this medium appears as a clear zone lined by pigmented lines. (B) Forced heterokaryon test in . The left plate contains compatible forced heterokaryon; the right plate shows incompatible heterokaryon. (C) Forced heterokaryon assay in . The inoculate on the left corresponds to an incompatible heterokaryon that fails to establish; the colonies on the right correspond to compatible heterokaryons with different spore color markers.
10.1128/9781555816636/f0275-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816636/f0275-01.gif
Image of FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1

Incompatibility assays, barrage tests, and forced heterokaryon tests. (A) Barrage test in . Strains on the left plate are compatible and show normal contact zones; the strains on the right plate are incompatible and show a barrage reaction, which on this medium appears as a clear zone lined by pigmented lines. (B) Forced heterokaryon test in . The left plate contains compatible forced heterokaryon; the right plate shows incompatible heterokaryon. (C) Forced heterokaryon assay in . The inoculate on the left corresponds to an incompatible heterokaryon that fails to establish; the colonies on the right correspond to compatible heterokaryons with different spore color markers.

Citation: Aanen D, Debets A, Glass N, Saupe S. 2010. Biology and Genetics of Vegetative Incompatibility in Fungi, p 274-288. In Borkovich K, Ebbole D (ed), Cellular and Molecular Biology of Filamentous Fungi. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816636.ch20
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FIGURE 2
The different incompatibility systems characterized at the molecular level in and . The black double arrows represent incompatible interactions. The gray double arrows represent interactions that contribute to the VI response. The HET domain is represented by a black box. The specificity regions in and are represented by a white box. See the text for details.
10.1128/9781555816636/f0277-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816636/f0277-01.gif
Image of FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2

The different incompatibility systems characterized at the molecular level in and . The black double arrows represent incompatible interactions. The gray double arrows represent interactions that contribute to the VI response. The HET domain is represented by a black box. The specificity regions in and are represented by a white box. See the text for details.

Citation: Aanen D, Debets A, Glass N, Saupe S. 2010. Biology and Genetics of Vegetative Incompatibility in Fungi, p 274-288. In Borkovich K, Ebbole D (ed), Cellular and Molecular Biology of Filamentous Fungi. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816636.ch20
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FIGURE 3
Distribution of HET domain proteins in the genomes of sequenced Pezizomycota species. For each species, the number of HET domain proteins in the genome is given on the right. The phylogenetic tree was modified from , to include the additional species that have been more recently sequenced.
10.1128/9781555816636/f0280-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816636/f0280-01.gif
Image of FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3

Distribution of HET domain proteins in the genomes of sequenced Pezizomycota species. For each species, the number of HET domain proteins in the genome is given on the right. The phylogenetic tree was modified from , to include the additional species that have been more recently sequenced.

Citation: Aanen D, Debets A, Glass N, Saupe S. 2010. Biology and Genetics of Vegetative Incompatibility in Fungi, p 274-288. In Borkovich K, Ebbole D (ed), Cellular and Molecular Biology of Filamentous Fungi. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816636.ch20
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