Mycotoxins

Nancy C. Isham; William J. Halsall; Mahmoud A. Ghannoum

doi:10.1128/9781555816728.ch124

Chapter 124 : Mycotoxins

Authors: Nancy C. Isham, William J. Halsall, Mahmoud A. Ghannoum

Content Type: Reference

Publication Year: 2011

Category: Clinical Microbiology

Book DOI: 10.1128/9781555816728

Chapter DOI: 10.1128/9781555816728.ch124

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Abstract:

This chapter reviews various mycotoxins and their relevance to sick building syndrome (SBS), veterinary problems, bioterrorism, and food safety. There are some 300 to 400 compounds, toxic to vertebrates in low concentrations, which are currently recognized as mycotoxins. Aflatoxins are produced by several species of Aspergillus, in particular Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. Aflatoxin contamination can be the cause of a variety of economic and health problems. The most common organisms producing citrinin are Penicillium citrinum, Penicillium expansum, Penicillium viridicatum, Penicillium camemberti. Citrinin has demonstrated nephrotoxic effects on all animal species tested and was shown to inhibit dehydrogenase activity in rats’ kidneys, liver, and brain. Ergot alkaloids, produced by the ergot fungus Claviceps purpurea, are the causative agent of ergotism which can manifest in either a gangrenous or convulsive condition following ingestion of contaminated grains. Ochratoxins A and B are produced by Penicillium verrucosum and many species of Aspergillus, especially A. ochraceus. Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the most common mycotoxins found in grain, including barley, oats, rye, and wheat. Zearalenone is a nonsteroidal estrogen or phytoestrogen produced by various species of Fusarium. It is estimated that one-quarter of the world’s crops are contaminated to some extent with mycotoxins. There are several classes of mycotoxins, produced by a wide range of fungal species, which have been linked to various environmental issues such as SBS, veterinary problems, bioterrorism, and food safety.

Citation: Isham N, Halsall W, Ghannoum M. 2011. Mycotoxins, p 1973-1980. In Versalovic J, Carroll K, Funke G, Jorgensen J, Landry M, Warnock D (ed), Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 10th Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816728.ch124

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Mycotoxins

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FIGURE 1

Aflatoxin B1. (Reprinted from reference 7 with permission of the publisher.)

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FIGURE 1

Aflatoxin B1. (Reprinted from reference 7 with permission of the publisher.)

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FIGURE 2

Citrinin. (Reprinted from reference 7 with permission of the publisher.)

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FIGURE 2

Citrinin. (Reprinted from reference 7 with permission of the publisher.)

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FIGURE 3

Ergotamine. (Reprinted from reference 7 with permission of the publisher.)

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FIGURE 3

Ergotamine. (Reprinted from reference 7 with permission of the publisher.)

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FIGURE 4

Fumonisin B1. (Reprinted from reference 7 with permission of the publisher.)

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FIGURE 4

Fumonisin B1. (Reprinted from reference 7 with permission of the publisher.)

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FIGURE 5

Ochratoxin A. (Reprinted from reference 7 with permission of the publisher.)

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FIGURE 5

Ochratoxin A. (Reprinted from reference 7 with permission of the publisher.)

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FIGURE 6

Patulin. (Reprinted from reference 7 with permission of the publisher.)

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FIGURE 6

Patulin. (Reprinted from reference 7 with permission of the publisher.)

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FIGURE 7

(A) T-2 toxin; (B) deoxynivalenol. (Modified and reprinted from reference 7 with permission of the publisher.)

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FIGURE 7

(A) T-2 toxin; (B) deoxynivalenol. (Modified and reprinted from reference 7 with permission of the publisher.)

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FIGURE 8

Zearalenone. (Reprinted from reference 7 with permission of the publisher.)

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FIGURE 8

Zearalenone. (Reprinted from reference 7 with permission of the publisher.)

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Tables

Mycotoxins

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TABLE 1

Simplified taxonomy of mycotoxin-producing fungi

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TABLE 1

Simplified taxonomy of mycotoxin-producing fungi

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TABLE 2

Mycotoxins and their common food substrates

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TABLE 2

Mycotoxins and their common food substrates

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TABLE 3

Mycotoxins and animal outbreaks

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TABLE 3

Mycotoxins and animal outbreaks