Toxoplasma*

James B. McAuley; Jeffery L. Jones; Kamaljit Singh

doi:10.1128/9781555816728.ch135

Chapter 135 : Toxoplasma *

Authors: James B. McAuley, Jeffery L. Jones, Kamaljit Singh

Content Type: Reference

Publication Year: 2011

Category: Clinical Microbiology

Book DOI: 10.1128/9781555816728

Chapter DOI: 10.1128/9781555816728.ch135

MyBook is a cheap paperback edition of the original book and will be sold at uniform, low price.

Preview this chapter:

Toxoplasma * , Page 1 of 2

< Previous page | Next page > /docserver/preview/fulltext/10.1128/9781555816728/9781555814632_Chap135-1.gif /docserver/preview/fulltext/10.1128/9781555816728/9781555814632_Chap135-2.gif

Abstract:

Serologic prevalence data indicate that toxoplasmosis is one of the most common infections of humans throughout the world. Toxoplasmosis can be categorized into four groups: (i) acquired in the immunocompetent patient; (ii) acquired or reactivated in the immunodeficient patient; (iii) congenital; and (iv) ocular. Acquired infection with Toxoplasma in immunocompetent individuals is generally an asymptomatic infection. Secretions, excretions, body fluids, and tissues are potential specimens for direct observation of parasites but are generally unrewarding. The most important advantage of the immunoglobulin M (IgM) capture enzyme immunoassay (EIA) compared to indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) is the increased detection of congenital infections: the IgM enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was positive for 73% of serum samples from newborn infants with proven congenital toxoplasmosis, whereas only 25% of the same serum samples were found positive by an IFA IgM test. The currently recommended drugs work primarily against the actively dividing tachyzoite form of T. gondii and do not eradicate encysted organisms (bradyzoites). T. gondii infection is one of the most common parasitic infections worldwide and, in most instances, is of little clinical significance. The laboratory will need to use additional testing in an attempt to define the timing of infection in the case of pregnant women or the presence of actively replicating parasites in the case of the fetus, neonate, or immunosuppressed host.

Citation: McAuley J, Jones J, Singh K. 2011. Toxoplasma * , p 2127-2138. In Versalovic J, Carroll K, Funke G, Jorgensen J, Landry M, Warnock D (ed), Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 10th Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816728.ch135

Highlighted Text: Show | Hide

Full text loading...

Figures

Toxoplasma*

[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/author/10.1128/9781555816728.chap135-1,webId=/content/author/10.1128/9781555816728.chap135-1,properties={foaf_givenname=James B., foaf_name=James B. McAuley, foaf_surname=McAuley}], com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/author/10.1128/9781555816728.chap135-2,webId=/content/author/10.1128/9781555816728.chap135-2,properties={foaf_givenname=Jeffery L., foaf_name=Jeffery L. Jones, foaf_surname=Jones}], com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/author/10.1128/9781555816728.chap135-3,webId=/content/author/10.1128/9781555816728.chap135-3,properties={foaf_givenname=Kamaljit, foaf_name=Kamaljit Singh, foaf_surname=Singh}]]

/content/10.1128/9781555816728.chap135.fig135-1

FIGURE 1

Three life stages of T. gondii. (A) Tachyzoites, Giemsa stain; (B) cyst with bradyzoites in brain tissue, Giemsa stain; (C) sporulated oocysts, unstained. (Photographs courtesy of J. P. Dubey, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD.)

10.1128/9781555816728/fig135-1_thmb.gif

10.1128/9781555816728/fig135-1.gif

FIGURE 1

/content/10.1128/9781555816728.chap135.fig135-2

FIGURE 2

Algorithm for the serodiagnosis of toxoplasmosis in people greater than 1 year of age.

10.1128/9781555816728/fig135-2_thmb.gif

10.1128/9781555816728/fig135-2.gif

FIGURE 2

Algorithm for the serodiagnosis of toxoplasmosis in people greater than 1 year of age.

/content/10.1128/9781555816728.chap135.fig135-3

FIGURE 3

Algorithm for the antenatal diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis.

10.1128/9781555816728/fig135-3_thmb.gif

10.1128/9781555816728/fig135-3.gif

FIGURE 3

Algorithm for the antenatal diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis.

/content/10.1128/9781555816728.chap135.fig135-4

FIGURE 4

Algorithm for the diagnosis of neonatal toxoplasmosis.

10.1128/9781555816728/fig135-4_thmb.gif

10.1128/9781555816728/fig135-4.gif

FIGURE 4

Algorithm for the diagnosis of neonatal toxoplasmosis.

References

/content/book/10.1128/9781555816728.chap135

1. Bastien, P.,, E. Jumas-Bilak,, E. Varlet-Marie,, and P. Marty. 2007. Three years of multi-laboratory external quality control for the molecular detection of Toxoplasma gondii in amniotic fluid in France. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 13: 430– 433.

2. Boyer, K. M.,, E. Holfels,, N. Roizen,, C. Swisher,, D. Mack,, J. Remington,, S. Withers,, P. Meier,, and R. McLeod. 2005. Risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection in mothers of infants with congenital toxoplasmosis: implications for prenatal management and screening. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 192: 564– 571.

3. Buffolano, W.,, M. Lappalainen,, L. Hedman,, F. Ciccimarra,, M. Del Pezzo,, R. Rescaldani,, N. Gargano,, and K. Hedman. 2004. Delayed maturation of IgG avidity in congenital toxoplasmosis. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 23: 825– 830.

4. Calderaro, A.,, S. Peruzzi,, G. Piccolo,, C. Gorrini,, S. Montecchini,, S. Rossi,, C. Chezzi,, and G. Dettori. 2009. Laboratory diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii infection. Int. J. Med. Sci. 6: 135– 136.

5. Candolfi, E.,, R. Ramirez,, M. P. Hadju,, C. Shubert,, and J. S. Remington. 1994. The Vitek immunodiagnostic assay for detection of immunoglobulin M toxoplasma antibodies. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 1: 401– 405.

6. Carvalho, F.,, D. A. O. Silva,, J. Cunha-Junior,, M. Souza,, T. Oliveira,, S. Bela,, G. Faria,, C. Lopes,, and J. Mineo. 2008. Reverse enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using monoclonal antibodies against SAG1-related sequence, SAG2A, and p97 antigens from Toxoplasma gondii to detect specific immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgM, and IgA antibodies in human sera. Clin. Vaccine Immunol. 15: 1265– 1271.

7.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2009. Guidelines for prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections among HIV-infected adults and adolescents. MMWR Recommend. Rep. 58( RR-04): 1– 216.

8.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2000. Preventing congenital toxoplasmosis. MMWR Recommend. Rep. 49( RR-2): 57– 75.

9.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2009. Guidelines for prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections among HIV-exposed and infected children. MMWR Recommend. Rep. 58( RR-11): 1– 176.

10. Chirgwin, K.,, R. Hafner,, C. Leport,, J. Remington,, J. Andersen,, E. M. Bosler,, C. Roque,, N. Rajicic,, V. McAuliffe,, P. Morlat,, D. T. Jayaweera,, J. L. Vilde,, and B. J. Luft. 2002. Randomized phase II trial of atovaquone with pyrimethamine or sulfadiazine for treatment of toxoplasmic encephalitis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: ACTG 237/ANRS 039 Study. Clin. Infect. Dis. 34: 1243– 1250.

11. Ciardelli, L.,, V. Meroni,, M. A. Avanzini,, L. Bollani,, C. Tinelli,, F. Garofoli,, A. Gasparoni,, and M. Stronati. 2008. Early and accurate diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 27: 125– 129.

12.Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute/NCCLS. 2004. Clinical Use and Interpretation of Serologic Tests for Toxoplasma gondii; Approved Guideline. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Wayne, PA.

13. Colombo, F. A.,, J. E. Vidal,, A. C. Penalva de Oliveira,, A. V. Hernandez,, F. Bonasser-Filho,, R. S. Nogueira,, R. Focaccia,, and V. L. Pereira-Chioccola. 2005. Diagnosis of cerebral toxoplasmosis in AIDS patients in Brazil: importance of molecular and immunological methods using peripheral blood samples. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43: 5044– 5047.

14. Daffos, F.,, F. Forestier,, M. Capella-Pavlovsky,, P. Thulliez,, C. Aufrant,, D. Valenti,, and W. L. Cox. 1988. Prenatal management of 746 pregnancies at risk for congenital toxoplasmosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 318: 271– 275.

15. Dannemann, B.,, J. A. McCutchan,, D. Israelski,, D. Antoniskis,, C. Leport,, B. Luft,, J. Nussbaum,, N. Clumeck,, P. Morlat,, J. Chiu,, J.-L. Vilde,, M. Orellana,, D. Feigal,, A. Bartok,, P. Heseltine,, J. Leedom,, J. Remington, and The California Collaborative Treatment Group. 1992. Treatment of toxoplasmic encephalitis in patients with AIDS. A randomized trial comparing pyrimethamine plus clindamycin to pyrimethamine plus sulfadiazine. Ann. Intern. Med. 116: 33– 43.

16. Decoster, A.,, F. Darcy,, A. Caron,, D. Vinatier,, D. Houze de L’Aulnoit,, G. Vittu,, G. Niel,, F. Heyer,, B. Lecolier,, M. Delcroix,, J. C. Monnier,, M. Duhamel,, and A. Capron. 1992. Anti-P30 IgA antibodies as prenatal markers of congenital toxoplasma infection. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 87: 310– 315.

17. Decoster, A.,, N. Lambert,, C. Germaneau,, and C. Masson. 2000. Serodiagnostic de la toxoplasmose: comparaison de la trousse Access Toxo IgM II aux trousses Axsym Toxo IgM et Vidas Toxo IgM. Ann. Biol. Clin. (Paris) 58: 721– 727.

18. Decoster, A.,, and B. Lecolier. 1996. Bicentric evaluation of Access Toxo immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG assays and IMx toxo IgM and IgG assays and comparison with Platelia Toxo IgM and IgG assays. J. Clin. Microbiol. 34: 1606– 1609.

19. Derouin, F.,, P. Thulliez,, E. Candolfi,, F. Daffos,, and F. Forestier. 1988. Early prenatal diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis using amniotic fluid samples and tissue culture. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 7: 423– 425.

20. Derouin, F.,, and H. Pelloux, on behalf of the ESCMID Study Group on Clinical Parasitology. 2008. Prevention of toxoplasmosis in transplant patients. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 14: 1089– 1101.

21. Desmonts, G.,, Y. Naot,, and J. S. Remington. 1981. Immunoglobulin M-immunosorbent agglutination assay for diagnosis of infectious diseases: diagnosis of acute congenital and acquired Toxoplasma infections. J. Clin. Microbiol. 14: 486– 491.

22. Diepersloot, R. J.,, H. Dunnewold-Hoekstra,, J. Kruit-Den Hollander,, and F. Vlaspolder. 2001. Antenatal screening for hepatitis B and antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii and rubella virus: evaluation of two commercial immunoassay systems. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 8: 785– 787.

23. Edvinsson, B.,, J. Lundquist,, P. Ljungman,, O. Ringden,, and B. Evengard. 2008. Prevention of toxoplasmosis in transplant patients. APMIS 116: 1965– 1967.

24. Engstrom, R. E., Jr., G. N. Holland, R. B. Nussenblatt, and D. A. Jabs. 1991. Current practices in the management of ocular toxoplasmosis. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 111: 601– 610.

25. Fekkar, A.,, B. Bodaghi,, F. Touafek,, P. Le Hoang,, D. Mazier,, and L. Paris. 2008. Comparison of immunoblotting, calculation of the Goldmann-Witmer coefficient, and realtime PCR using aqueous humor samples for diagnosis of ocular toxoplasmosis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 46: 1965– 1967.

26. Flori, P.,, J. Hafid,, H. Raberin,, H. Patural,, M. N. Varlet,, and R. Tran Manh Sung. 2002. Interet du nouveau test Access Toxo IgM (II) dans l’interpretation serologique de la toxoplasmose au cours de la grossesse. Ann. Biol. Clin. (Paris) 60: 65– 72.

27. Fortier, B.,, A. Dao,, C. Coignard-Chatain,, and M. F. Biava. 1997. Application de la chemiluminescence au diagnostic serologique des toxoplasmoses humaines. Pathol. Biol. 45: 721– 728.

28. Foudrinier, F.,, I. Villena,, R. Jaussaud,, D. Aubert,, C. Chemla,, F. Martinot,, and J. M. Pinon. 2003. Clinical value of specific immunoglobulin E detection by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in cases of acquired and congenital toxoplasmosis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41: 1681– 1686.

29. Foulon, W.,, J. M. Pinon,, B. Stray-Pedersen,, A. Pollak,, M. Lappalainen,, A. Decoster,, I. Villena,, P. A. Jenum,, M. Hayde,, and A. Naessens. 1999. Prenatal diagnosis of con- genital toxoplasmosis: a multicenter evaluation of different diagnostic parameters. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 181: 843– 847.

30. Foulon, W.,, I. Villena,, B. Stray-Pedersen,, A. Decoster,, M. Lappalainen,, J. M. Pinon,, P. A. Jenum,, K. Hedman,, and A. Naessens. 1999. Treatment of toxoplasmosis during pregnancy: a multicenter study of impact on fetal transmission and children’s sequelae at age 1 year. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 180: 410– 415.

31. Fricker-Hidalgo, H.,, M. P. Brenier-Pinchart,, J. P. Schaal,, V. Equy,, C. Bost-Bru,, and H. Pelloux. 2007. Value of Toxoplasma gondii detection in one hundred thirty-three placentas for toxoplasmosis. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 26: 845– 846.

32. Galanti, L. M.,, J. Dell’Omo,, B. Wanet,, J. L. Guarin,, J. Jamart,, M. G. Garrino,, P. L. Masson,, and C. L. Cambiaso. 1997. Particle counting assay for anti-toxoplasma IgG antibodies. Comparison with four automated commercial enzymelinked immunoassays. J. Immunol. Methods 207: 195– 201.

33. Garweg, J. G. 2005. Determinants of immunodiagnostic success in human ocular toxoplasmosis. Parasite Immunol. 27: 61– 68.

34. Gilbert, R.,, D. Dunn,, M. Wallon,, M. Hayde,, A. Prusa,, M. Lebech,, T. Kortbeek,, F. Peyron,, A. Pollak,, and E. Petersen. 2001. Ecological comparison of the risks of motherto- child transmission and clinical manifestations of congenital toxoplasmosis according to prenatal treatment protocol. Epidemiol. Infect. 127: 113– 120.

35. Gilbert, R.,, and L. Gras. 2003. Effect of timing and type of treatment on the risk of mother to child transmission of Toxoplasma gondii. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 110: 112– 120.

36. Goubet, S.,, H. Pelloux,, H. Fricker-Hidalgo,, A. Goullier- Fleuret,, and P. Ambroise-Thomas. 1999. Serodiagnostic de la toxoplasmose: comparaison de la trousse Elisa Axsym (Abbott) avec la trousse Vidas (bioMerieux), l’immunofluorence indirecte et l’Isaga. Ann. Biol. Clin. (Paris) 57: 481– 484.

37. Gras, L.,, R. E. Gilbert,, M. Wallon,, F. Peyron,, and M. Cortina-Borja. 2004. Duration of the IgM response in women acquiring Toxoplasma gondii during pregnancy: implications for clinical practice and cross-sectional incidence studies. Epidemiol. Infect. 132: 541– 548.

38. Guerina, N. G.,, H. W. Hsu,, H. C. Meissner,, J. H. Maguire,, R. Lynfield,, B. Stechenberg,, I. Abroms,, M. S. Pasternack,, R. Hoff,, R. B. Eaton, et al. 1994. Neonatal serologic screening and early treatment for congenital Toxoplasma gondii infection. N. Engl. J. Med. 330: 1858– 1863.

39. Guy, E. C.,, H. Pelloux,, M. Lappalainen,, H. Aspock,, A. Hassl,, K. K. Melby,, M. Holberg-Pettersen,, E. Petersen,, J. Simon,, and P. Ambroise-Thomas. 1996. Interlaboratory comparison of polymerase chain reaction for the detection of Toxoplasma gondii DNA added to samples of amniotic fluid. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 15: 836– 839.

40. Hayde, M.,, H. R. Salzer,, G. Gittler,, H. Aspock,, and A. Pollak. 1995. Microparticle enzyme immunoassay (MEIA) for toxoplasma specific immunoglobulin G in comparison to the Sabin-Feldman dye test. A pilot study. Wien. Klin. Wochenschr. 107: 133– 136.

41. Hezard, N.,, C. Marx-Chemla,, F. Foudrinier,, I. Villena,, C. Quereux,, B. Leroux,, D. Dupouy,, M. Talmud,, and J. M. Pinon. 1997. Prenatal diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis in 261 pregnancies. Prenat. Diagn. 17: 1047– 1054.

42. Hofgartner, W. T.,, S. R. Swanzy,, R. M. Bacina,, J. Condon,, M. Gupta,, P. E. Matlock,, D. L. Bergeron,, J. J. Plorde,, and T. R. Fritsche. 1997. Detection of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii: evaluation of four commercial immunoassay systems. J. Clin. Microbiol. 35: 3313– 3315.

43. Hohlfeld, P.,, F. Daffos,, J. M. Costa,, P. Thulliez,, F. Forestier,, and M. Vidaud. 1994. Prenatal diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis with a polymerase-chain-reaction test on amniotic fluid. N. Engl. J. Med. 331: 695– 699.

44. Holec-Gasior, L.,, J. Kur,, and E. Hiszczynska-Sawicka. 2009. GRA2 and ROP1 recombinant antigens as potential markers for detection of Toxoplasma gondii specific immunoglobulin G in humans with acute toxoplasmosis. Clin. Vaccine Immunol. 16: 510– 514.

45. Holland, G. N. 2003. Ocular toxoplasmosis: a global reassessment. Part I: epidemiology and course of disease. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 136: 973– 988.

46. Holland, G. N. 2004. Ocular toxoplasmosis: a global reassessment. Part II: disease manifestations and management. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 137: 1– 17.

47. Holland, G. N. 2000. Ocular toxoplasmosis: new directions for clinical investigation. Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm. 8: 1– 7.

48. Iqbal, J.,, and N. Khalid. 2007. Detection of acute Toxoplasma gondii infection in early pregnancy by IgG avidity and PCR analysis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 56: 1495– 1499.

49. Israelski, D. M.,, and J. S. Remington. 1993. Toxoplasmosis in the non-AIDS immunocompromised host. Curr. Clin. Top. Infect. Dis. 13: 322– 356.

50. Jones, J. L.,, V. Dargelas,, J. Roberts,, C. Press,, J. S. Remington,, and J. G. Montoya. 2009. Risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection in the United States. Clin. Infect. Dis. 49: 878– 884.

51. Jones, J. L.,, D. Kruszon-Moran,, K. Sanders-Lewis,, and M. Wilson. 2007. Toxoplasma gondii infection in the United States, 1999-2004, decline from the prior decade. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 77: 405– 410.

52. Jones, J. L.,, D. Kruszon-Moran,, M. Wilson,, G. McQuillan,, T. Navin,, and J. B. McAuley. 2001. Toxoplasma gondii infection in the United States: seroprevalence and risk factors. Am. J. Epidemiol. 154: 357– 365.

53. Jones, J. L.,, A. Lopez,, M. Wilson,, J. Schulkin,, and R. Gibbs. 2001. Congenital toxoplasmosis: a review. Obstet. Gynecol. Surv. 56: 296– 305.

54. Kasper, D. C.,, A. Prusa,, M. Hayde,, N. Gerstl,, A. Pollak,, K. Herkner,, and R. Reiter-Reisacher. 2009. Evaluation of the vitros ECiQ immunodiagnostic system for detection of anti- Toxoplasma immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin M antibodies for confirmatory testing for acute Toxoplasma gondii infection in pregnant women. J. Clin. Microbiol. 47: 164– 167.

55. Kodym, P.,, L. Machala,, H. Rohacova,, B. Sirocka,, and M. Maly. 2007. Evaluation of commercial IgE ELISA in comparison with IgA and IgM ELISAs, IgG avidity assay and complement fixation for the diagnosis of acute toxoplasmosis. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 13: 40– 47.

56. Liesenfeld, O.,, J. G. Montoya,, N. J. Tathineni,, M. Davis,, B. W. Brown, Jr., K. L. Cobb, J. Parsonnet, and J. S. Remington. 2001. Confirmatory serologic testing for acute toxoplasmosis and rate of induced abortions among women reported to have positive Toxoplasma immunoglobulin M antibody titers. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 184: 140– 145.

57. Liesenfeld, O.,, C. Press,, R. Flanders,, R. Ramirez,, and J. S. Remington. 1996. Study of Abbott Toxo IMx system for detection of immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin M toxoplasma antibodies: value of confirmatory testing for diagnosis of acute toxoplasmosis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 34: 2526– 2530.

58. Liesenfeld, O.,, C. Press,, J. G. Montoya,, R. Gill,, J. L. Isaac-Renton,, K. Hedman,, and J. S. Remington. 1997. False-positive results in immunoglobulin M (IgM) Toxoplasma antibody tests and importance of confirmatory testing: the Platelia Toxo IgM test. J. Clin. Microbiol. 35: 174– 178.

59. Liu, X.,, B. P. Turner,, C. E. Peyton,, B. S. Reisner,, A. O. Okorodudu,, A. A. Mohammad,, G. D. Hankins,, A. S. Weissfeld,, and J. R. Petersen. 2000. Prospective study of IgM to Toxoplasma gondii on Beckman Coulter’s Access(TM) immunoassay system and comparison with Zeus ELISA and gull IFA assays. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 36: 237– 239.

60. Luft, B. J.,, R. Hafner,, A. H. Korzun,, C. Leport,, D. Antoniskis,, E. M. Bosler,, D. D. Bourland III,, R. Uttamchandani,, J. Fuhrer,, J. Jacobson, et al. 1993. Toxoplasmic encephalitis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N. Engl. J. Med. 329: 995– 1000.

61. Luyasu, V.,, A. R. Robert,, L. Schaefer,, J. Macioszek, et al. 1995. Multicenter evaluation of a new commercial assay for detection of immunoglobulin M antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 14: 787– 793.

62. Maudry, A.,, G. Chene,, R. Chatelain,, H. Patural,, B. Bellete,, B. Tisseur,, J. Hafid,, H. Raberin,, S. Beretta,, R. T. M. Sung,, G. Belot,, and P. Flori. 2009. Bicentric evaluation of six anti- Toxoplasma immunoglobulin G (IgG) automated immunoassays and comparison to the Toxo II IgG Western blot. Clin. Vaccine Immunol. 16: 1322– 1326.

63. McAuley, J.,, K. M. Boyer,, D. Patel,, M. Mets,, C. Swisher,, N. Roizen,, C. Wolters,, L. Stein,, M. Stein,, W. Schey, et al. 1994. Early and longitudinal evaluations of treated infants and children and untreated historical patients with congenital toxoplasmosis: the Chicago Collaborative Treatment Trial. Clin. Infect. Dis. 18: 38– 72.

64. Meira, C. S.,, T. Costa-Silva,, J. Vidal,, I. Ferreira,, R. Hiramoto,, and V. Pereira-Choccola. 2008. Use of the serum reactivity against Toxoplasma gondii excreted-secreted antigens in cerebral toxoplasmosis diagnosis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. J. Med. Microbiol. 57: 845– 850.

65. Montoya, J. F.,, A. Berry,, F. Rosso,, and J. S. Remington. 2007. The differential agglutination test as a diagnostic aid in cases of toxoplasmic lymphadenitis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 45: 1463– 1468.

66. Montoya, J. F.,, and J. S. Remington. 2008. Management of Toxoplasma gondii infection during pregnancy. Clin. Infect. Dis. 47: 554– 566.

67. Montoya, J. F.,, and J. S. Remington,. 2009. Toxoplasma gondii, p. 3495– 3526. In G. L. Mandell,, J. E. Bennett,, and R. Dolin (ed.), Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, 7th ed. Churchill Livingstone, Inc., New York, NY.

68. Montoya, J. G. 2002. Laboratory diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii infection and toxoplasmosis. J. Infect. Dis. 185( Suppl. 1): S73– S82.

69. Montoya, J. G.,, H. B. Huffman,, and J. S. Remington. 2004. Evaluation of the immunoglobulin G avidity test for diagnosis of toxoplasmic lymphadenopathy. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42: 4627– 4631.

70. Montoya, J. G.,, and O. Liesenfeld. 2004. Toxoplasmosis. Lancet 363: 1965– 1976.

71. Montoya, J. G.,, O. Liesenfeld,, S. Kinney,, C. Press,, and J. S. Remington. 2002. VIDAS test for avidity of Toxoplasmaspecific immunoglobulin G for confirmatory testing of pregnant women. J. Clin. Microbiol. 40: 2504– 2508.

72. Montoya, J. G.,, and J. S. Remington. 1995. Studies on the serodiagnosis of toxoplasmic lymphadenitis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 20: 781– 789.

73. Naessens, A.,, P. A. Jenum,, A. Pollak,, A. Decoster,, M. Lappalainen,, I. Villena,, M. Lebech,, B. Stray-Pedersen,, M. Hayde,, J. M. Pinon,, E. Petersen,, and W. Foulon. 1999. Diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis in the neonatal period: a multicenter evaluation. J. Pediatr. 135: 714– 719.

74. Naot, Y.,, G. Desmonts,, and J. S. Remington. 1981. IgM enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test for the diagnosis of congenital Toxoplasma infection. J. Pediatr. 98: 32– 36.

75. Odenthal, M.,, S. Koenig,, P. Farbrother,, U. Drebber,, Y. Bury,, H. P. Dienes,, and L. Eichinger. 2007. Detection of opportunistic infections by low-density microarrays a diagnostic approach for granulomatous lymphadenitis. Diagn. Mol. Pathol. 16: 18– 26.

76. Okrongly, D. 2004. The ADVIA Centaur immunoassay system—designed for infectious disease testing. J. Clin. Virol. 30( Suppl. 1): S19– S22.

77. Palm, C.,, H. Tumani,, T. Pietzcker,, and D. Bengel. 2008. Diagnosis of cerebral toxoplasmosis by detection of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites in cerebrospinal fluid. J. Neurol. 255: 939– 941.

78. Pearson, P. A.,, A. R. Piracha,, H. A. Sen,, and G. J. Jaffe. 1999. Atovaquone for the treatment of toxoplasma retinochoroiditis in immunocompetent patients. Ophthalmology 106: 148– 153.

79. Petersen, E.,, M. V. Borobio,, E. Guy,, O. Liesenfeld,, V. Meroni,, A. Naessens,, E. Spranzi,, and P. Thulliez. 2005. European multicenter study of the LIAISON automated diagnostic system for determination of Toxoplasma gondii-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM and the IgG avidity index. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43: 1570– 1574.

80. Pietkiewicz, H.,, E. Hiszczynska-Sawicka,, J. Kur,, E. Petersen,, H. V. Nielsen,, M. Paul,, M. Stankiewicz,, and P. Myjak. 2007. Usefulness of Toxoplasma gondii recombinant antigens (GRA1, GRA7, SAG1) in an immunoglobulin G avidity test for the serodiagnosis of toxoplasmosis. Parasitol. Res. 100: 333– 337.

81. Pinon, J. M.,, H. Dumon,, C. Chemla,, J. Franck,, E. Petersen,, M. Lebech,, J. Zufferey,, M. H. Bessieres,, P. Marty,, R. Holliman,, J. Johnson,, V. Luyasu,, B. Lecolier,, E. Guy,, D. H. Joynson,, A. Decoster,, G. Enders,, H. Pelloux,, and E. Candolfi. 2001. Strategy for diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis: evaluation of methods comparing mothers and newborns and standard methods for postnatal detection of immunoglobulin G, M, and A antibodies. J. Clin. Microbiol. 39: 2267– 2271.

82. Pratlong, F.,, P. Boulot,, I. Villena,, E. Issert,, I. Tamby,, J. Cazenave,, and J. P. Dedet. 1996. Antenatal diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis: evaluation of the biological parameters in a cohort of 286 patients. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 103: 552– 557.

83. Rao, L. V.,, O. A. James,, L. M. Mann,, A. A. Mohammad,, A. O. Okorodudu,, M. G. Bissell,, and J. R. Petersen. 1997. Evaluation of Immuno-1 Toxoplasma IgG assay in the prenatal screening of toxoplasmosis. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 27: 13– 15.

84. Remington, J. S.,, R. McLeod,, P. Thulliez,, and G. Desmonts,. 2006. Toxoplasmosis, p. 947– 1092. In J. S. Remington, and J. O. Klein (ed.), Infectious Diseases of the Fetus and Newborn Infant, 6th ed. The W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA.

85. Remington, J. S.,, P. Thulliez,, and J. G. Montoya. 2004. Recent developments for diagnosis of toxoplasmosis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42: 941– 945.

86. Rigsby, P.,, S. Rijpkema,, E. C. Guy,, J. Francis,, and R. G. Das. 2004. Evaluation of a candidate international standard preparation for human anti- Toxoplasma immunoglobulin G. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42: 5133– 5138.

87. Robert-Gangneux, F.,, P. Binisti,, D. Antonetti,, A. Brezin,, H. Yera,, and J. Dupouy-Camet. 2004. Usefulness of immunoblotting and Goldmann-Witmer coefficient for biological diagnosis of toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 23: 34– 38.

88. Robert-Gangneux, F.,, V. Commerce,, C. Tourte-Schaefer,, and J. Dupouy-Camet. 1999. Performance of a Western blot assay to compare mother and newborn anti-Toxoplasma antibodies for the early neonatal diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 18: 648– 654.

89. Robert-Gangneux, F.,, M. F. Gavinet,, T. Ancelle,, J. Raymond,, C. Tourte-Schaefer,, and J. Dupouy-Camet. 1999. Value of prenatal diagnosis and early postnatal diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis: retrospective study of 110 cases. J. Clin. Microbiol. 37: 2893– 2898.

90. Roberts, A.,, K. Hedman,, V. Luyasu,, J. Zufferey,, M. H. Bessieres,, R. M. Blatz,, E. Candolfi,, A. Decoster,, G. Enders,, U. Gross,, E. Guy,, M. Hayde,, D. Ho-Yen,, J. Johnson,, B. Lecolier,, A. Naessens,, H. Pelloux,, P. Thulliez,, and E. Petersen. 2001. Multicenter evaluation of strategies for serodiagnosis of primary infection with Toxoplasma gondii. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 20: 467– 474.

91. Romand, S.,, M. Chosson,, J. Franck,, M. Wallon,, F. Kieffer,, K. Kaiser,, H. Dumon,, F. Peyron,, P. Thulliez,, and S. Picot. 2004. Usefulness of quantitative polymerase chain reaction in amniotic fluid as early prognostic marker of fetal infection with Toxoplasma gondii. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 190: 797– 802.

92. Romand, S.,, M. Wallon,, J. Franck,, P. Thulliez,, F. Peyron,, and H. Dumon. 2001. Prenatal diagnosis using polymerase chain reaction on amniotic fluid for congenital toxoplasmosis. Obstet. Gynecol. 97: 296– 300.

93. Rothova, A. 1993. Ocular involvement in toxoplasmosis. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 77: 371– 377.

94. Rothova, A.,, C. Meenken,, H. J. Buitenhuis,, C. J. Brinkman,, G. S. Baarsma,, T. N. Boen-Tan,, P. T. de Jong,, N. Klaassen- Broekema,, C. M. Schweitzer,, Z. Timmerman,, J. de Vries,, M. J. Zaal,, and A. Kijlstra. 1993. Therapy for ocular toxoplasmosis. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 115: 517– 523.

95. Roux-Buisson, N.,, H. Fricker-Hidalgo,, A. Foussadier,, D. Rolland,, A. S. Suchel-Jambon,, M. P. Brenier-Pinchart,, and H. Pelloux. 2005. Comparative analysis of the VIDAS Toxo IgG IV assay in the detection of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 53: 79– 81.

96. Santos Nascimento, F.,, L. A. Suzuki,, and C. L. Rossi. 2008. Assessment of the value of detecting specific IgA antibodies for the diagnosis of a recently acquired primary Toxoplasma infection. Prenat. Diagn. 28: 749– 752.

97. Schaffner, A. 2001. Pretransplant evaluation for infections in donors and recipients of solid organs. Clin. Infect. Dis. 33( Suppl. 1): S9– S14.

98. Schmidt-Hieber, M.,, J. Zweigner,, L. Uharek,, I. W. Blau,, and E. Thiel. 2009. Central nervous system infections in immunocompromised patients - update on diagnosis and therapy. Leuk. Lymphoma 50: 24– 36.

99. Singh, S.,, N. Singh,, and S. N. Dwivedi. 1997. Evaluation of seven commercially available ELISA kits for serodiagnosis of acute toxoplasmosis. Indian J. Med. Res. 105: 103– 107.

100. Smith, K. L.,, M. Wilson,, A. W. Hightower,, P. W. Kelley,, J. P. Struewing,, D. D. Juranek,, and J. B. McAuley. 1996. Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in US military recruits in 1989: comparison with data published in 1965. Clin. Infect. Dis. 23: 1182– 1183.

101. Soave, R. 2001. Prophylaxis strategies for solid-organ transplantation. Clin. Infect. Dis. 33( Suppl. 1): S26– S31.

102. Talabani, H.,, M. Asseraf,, H. Yera,, E. Delair,, T. Ancelle,, P. Thulliez,, A. P. Brezin,, and J. Dupouy-Camet. 2009. Contributions of immunoblotting, real-time PCR, and the Goldmann-Witmer coefficient to diagnosis of atypical toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 47: 2131– 2135.

103. Thalib, L.,, L. Gras,, S. Romand,, A. Prusa,, M. H. Bessieres,, E. Petersen,, and R. E. Gilbert. 2005. Prediction of congenital toxoplasmosis by polymerase chain reaction analysis of amniotic fluid. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 112: 567– 574.

104. Vlaspolder, F.,, P. Singer,, A. Smit,, and R. J. Diepersloot. 2001. Comparison of Immulite with Vidas for detection of infection in a low-prevalence population of pregnant women in The Netherlands. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 8: 552– 555.

105. Wallon, M.,, D. Dunn,, D. Slimani,, V. Girault,, F. Gay- Andrieu,, and F. Peyron. 1999. Diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis at birth: what is the value of testing for IgM and IgA? Eur. J. Pediatr. 158: 645– 649.

106. Wilson, M.,, J. S. Remington,, C. Clavet,, G. Varney,, C. Press,, D. Ware, et al. 1997. Evaluation of six commercial kits for detection of human immunoglobulin M antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii. J. Clin. Microbiol. 35: 3112– 3115.

Tables

Toxoplasma*

/content/10.1128/9781555816728.chap135.tab135-1

TABLE 1

Toxoplasma IgG kits available commercially in the United States

a Abbott Laboratories, Diagnostics Division, North Chicago, IL 60064; Bayer Diagnostics, 511 Benedict Ave., Tarrytown, NY 10591; Beckman Coulter, 4300 N. Harbor Blvd., Fullerton, CA 92834; Biokit USA, 113 Hartwell Ave., Lexington, MA 02173; bioMérieux, 595 Anglum Dr., Hazlewood, MO 63042; Bio-Rad, 4000 Alfred Nobel Dr., Hercules, CA 94547; Biotecx Laboratories, 6023 S. Loop East, Houston, TX 77033; Biotest Diagnostics Corp., 66 Ford Rd., Suite 131, Denville, NJ 07834; Diagnostic Products Corp., 5700 W. 96th St., Los Angeles, CA 90045; Diamedix Corp., 2140 N. Miami Ave., Miami, FL 33127; DiaSorin, P.O. Box 285, Stillwater, MN 55082; GenBio, 15222 A Avenue of Science, San Diego, CA 92128; Hemagen Diagnostics, 34–40 Bear Hill Rd., Waltham, MA 02154; Inverness Medical Professional Diagnostics, 2 Research Way, Princeton, NJ 08540; Meridian Bioscience, 3471 River Hills Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45244; Roche Diagnostics Corp., 9115 Hague Rd., Indianapolis, IN 46250.

10.1128/9781555816728/tab135-1_thmb.gif

10.1128/9781555816728/tab135-1.gif

TABLE 1

Toxoplasma IgG kits available commercially in the United States

/content/10.1128/9781555816728.chap135.tab135-2

TABLE 2

Toxoplasma IgM kits available commercially in the United States

a For company addresses, see Table 1 , footnote a

10.1128/9781555816728/tab135-2_thmb.gif

10.1128/9781555816728/tab135-2.gif

TABLE 2

Toxoplasma IgM kits available commercially in the United States

a For company addresses, see Table 1 , footnote a

/content/10.1128/9781555816728.chap135.tab135-3

TABLE 3

Guide to general interpretation of Toxoplasma serology results obtained with IgG and IgM commercial assays

10.1128/9781555816728/tab135-3_thmb.gif

10.1128/9781555816728/tab135-3.gif

TABLE 3

Guide to general interpretation of Toxoplasma serology results obtained with IgG and IgM commercial assays