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Chapter 24 : and Other Aerobic Endospore-Forming Bacteria

Authors: Niall A. Logan, Alex R. Hoffmaster, Sean V. Shadomy, Kendra E. Stauffer
Content Type: Reference
Publication Year: 2011

Category: Clinical Microbiology

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Abstract:

This chapter discusses isolation and various tests for identification and detection of bacteria. The majority of aerobic endospore-forming species apparently have little or no pathogenic potential and are rarely associated with disease. Human anthrax has traditionally been classified as either (i) nonindustrial, resulting from close contact with infected animals or their carcasses after death from the disease, or (ii) industrial, as acquired by those employed in processing wool, hair, hides, bones, or other animal products. Clinical specimens for isolation of species other than can be handled safely on the open bench without special precautions. Sections of tissue, or any blood-stained material, should be collected, and spleen or lymph node specimens should be taken if the animal has been opened. The majority of work on molecular typing of spp. has focused on members of the group due to their clinical importance and the value of genotyping for molecular epidemiology. Anthraxin does not contain highly specific anthrax antigens and relies on the fact that the only species likely to proliferate within and throughout an animal is . Low-level contamination of foodstuffs by aerobic endospore formers is commonplace, as is asymptomatic transient fecal carriage. Therefore, in foodborne illness investigations, qualitative isolation tests are insufficient.

Citation: Logan N, Hoffmaster A, Shadomy S, Stauffer K. 2011. and Other Aerobic Endospore-Forming Bacteria , p 381-402. In Versalovic J, Carroll K, Funke G, Jorgensen J, Landry M, Warnock D (ed), Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 10th Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816728.ch24
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Bacillus and Other Aerobic Endospore-Forming Bacteria*
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Citation: Logan N, Hoffmaster A, Shadomy S, Stauffer K. 2011. and Other Aerobic Endospore-Forming Bacteria , p 381-402. In Versalovic J, Carroll K, Funke G, Jorgensen J, Landry M, Warnock D (ed), Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 10th Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816728.ch24
/content/10.1128/9781555816728.chap24.fig24-1
FIGURE 1

(a) Gram stain of , associated with a bioterrorism attack, showing grampositive rods in peripheral blood buffy coat following admission of patient; bar marker represents 3 μm. (Courtesy of H. Masur.) (b) DFA-stained preparation of using an antibody specific for the poly-γ-D-glutamic acid capsule. (c) India ink stain of incubated in horse blood. Clear zones surrounding the rods are due to the exclusion of the India ink by the capsule. (d) Spore-stained preparation of sporangia, viewed by bright-field microscopy. Spores are stained green, and vegetative cells are counterstained red. Bar marker represents 2 μm. (Photograph kindly provided by M. Rodríguez-Díaz.)

10.1128/9781555816728/fig24-1_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816728/fig24-1.gif
Image of FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1

(a) Gram stain of , associated with a bioterrorism attack, showing grampositive rods in peripheral blood buffy coat following admission of patient; bar marker represents 3 μm. (Courtesy of H. Masur.) (b) DFA-stained preparation of using an antibody specific for the poly-γ-D-glutamic acid capsule. (c) India ink stain of incubated in horse blood. Clear zones surrounding the rods are due to the exclusion of the India ink by the capsule. (d) Spore-stained preparation of sporangia, viewed by bright-field microscopy. Spores are stained green, and vegetative cells are counterstained red. Bar marker represents 2 μm. (Photograph kindly provided by M. Rodríguez-Díaz.)

Citation: Logan N, Hoffmaster A, Shadomy S, Stauffer K. 2011. and Other Aerobic Endospore-Forming Bacteria , p 381-402. In Versalovic J, Carroll K, Funke G, Jorgensen J, Landry M, Warnock D (ed), Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 10th Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816728.ch24
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FIGURE 2

Photomicrographs of endospore-forming bacteria viewed by bright-field microscopy (a) and phase-contrast microscopy (b to l). Bar markers represent 2 μm. (a) , M'Fadyean stain showing capsulate rods in guinea pig blood smear; (b) , broad cells with ellipsoidal, subterminal spores, not swelling the sporangia; (c) , broad cells with ellipsoidal, subterminal spores, not swelling the sporangia, and showing parasporal crystals of insecticidal toxin (arrows); (d) , broad cells with ellipsoidal and spherical, subterminal and terminal spores, not swelling the sporangia, and showing PHB inclusions (arrows); (e) , ellipsoidal, central and subterminal spores, not swelling the sporangia; (f) , slender cells with cylindrical, subterminal spores, not swelling the sporangia; (g) , ellipsoidal, subterminal spores, swelling the sporangia; (h) , spherical, terminal spores, swelling the sporangia; (i) , ellipsoidal, subterminal spores, one swelling its sporangium slightly; (j) , ellipsoidal, central spores with thickened rims on one side (arrow), swelling the sporangia; (k) , ellipsoidal, paracentral to subterminal spores, swelling the sporangia slightly; (l) , cells with tapered ends, ellipsoidal, paracentral to subterminal spores, not swelling the sporangium.

10.1128/9781555816728/fig24-2_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816728/fig24-2.gif
Image of FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2

Photomicrographs of endospore-forming bacteria viewed by bright-field microscopy (a) and phase-contrast microscopy (b to l). Bar markers represent 2 μm. (a) , M'Fadyean stain showing capsulate rods in guinea pig blood smear; (b) , broad cells with ellipsoidal, subterminal spores, not swelling the sporangia; (c) , broad cells with ellipsoidal, subterminal spores, not swelling the sporangia, and showing parasporal crystals of insecticidal toxin (arrows); (d) , broad cells with ellipsoidal and spherical, subterminal and terminal spores, not swelling the sporangia, and showing PHB inclusions (arrows); (e) , ellipsoidal, central and subterminal spores, not swelling the sporangia; (f) , slender cells with cylindrical, subterminal spores, not swelling the sporangia; (g) , ellipsoidal, subterminal spores, swelling the sporangia; (h) , spherical, terminal spores, swelling the sporangia; (i) , ellipsoidal, subterminal spores, one swelling its sporangium slightly; (j) , ellipsoidal, central spores with thickened rims on one side (arrow), swelling the sporangia; (k) , ellipsoidal, paracentral to subterminal spores, swelling the sporangia slightly; (l) , cells with tapered ends, ellipsoidal, paracentral to subterminal spores, not swelling the sporangium.

Citation: Logan N, Hoffmaster A, Shadomy S, Stauffer K. 2011. and Other Aerobic Endospore-Forming Bacteria , p 381-402. In Versalovic J, Carroll K, Funke G, Jorgensen J, Landry M, Warnock D (ed), Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 10th Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816728.ch24
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FIGURE 3

Colonies of endospore-forming bacteria on blood agar (a to i) and nutrient agar (j to l) after 24 to 36 h at 37°C. Bar markers represent 2 mm. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l) .

10.1128/9781555816728/fig24-3_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816728/fig24-3.gif
Image of FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3

Colonies of endospore-forming bacteria on blood agar (a to i) and nutrient agar (j to l) after 24 to 36 h at 37°C. Bar markers represent 2 mm. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l) .

Citation: Logan N, Hoffmaster A, Shadomy S, Stauffer K. 2011. and Other Aerobic Endospore-Forming Bacteria , p 381-402. In Versalovic J, Carroll K, Funke G, Jorgensen J, Landry M, Warnock D (ed), Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 10th Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816728.ch24
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Tables

Bacillus and Other Aerobic Endospore-Forming Bacteria*
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Citation: Logan N, Hoffmaster A, Shadomy S, Stauffer K. 2011. and Other Aerobic Endospore-Forming Bacteria , p 381-402. In Versalovic J, Carroll K, Funke G, Jorgensen J, Landry M, Warnock D (ed), Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 10th Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816728.ch24
/content/10.1128/9781555816728.chap24.tab24-1
TABLE 1a

Characters for differentiating some species of , , , and

Symbols and abbreviations: +, ≥85% positive; +/w, positive or weakly positive; w, weakly positive; (+), 75 to 84% positive; v, variable (26 to 74% positive); (–), 16 to 25% positive; –, 0 to 15% positive; –/w, negative or weakly positive.

Arginine dihydrolase, indole production, gelatin hydrolysis, and nitrate reduction reactions was determined using tests in the API 20E strip (bioMérieux). Acid from carbohydrate reactions was determined using the API 50CHB System (bioMérieux).

Reactions shown in brackets are for the biotype isolated particularly in connection with outbreaks of emetic-type food poisoning and for strains of serovars 1, 3, 5, and 8, which are commonly associated with such outbreaks.

Spore shape: C, cylindrical; E, ellipsoidal; S, spherical. Spore position: C, central or paracentral; S, subterminal; T, terminal. The commonest shapes and positions are listed first, and those shown in parentheses are infrequently observed.

10.1128/9781555816728/tab24-1a_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816728/tab24-1a.gif
Generic image for table
TABLE 1a

Characters for differentiating some species of , , , and

Symbols and abbreviations: +, ≥85% positive; +/w, positive or weakly positive; w, weakly positive; (+), 75 to 84% positive; v, variable (26 to 74% positive); (–), 16 to 25% positive; –, 0 to 15% positive; –/w, negative or weakly positive.

Arginine dihydrolase, indole production, gelatin hydrolysis, and nitrate reduction reactions was determined using tests in the API 20E strip (bioMérieux). Acid from carbohydrate reactions was determined using the API 50CHB System (bioMérieux).

Reactions shown in brackets are for the biotype isolated particularly in connection with outbreaks of emetic-type food poisoning and for strains of serovars 1, 3, 5, and 8, which are commonly associated with such outbreaks.

Spore shape: C, cylindrical; E, ellipsoidal; S, spherical. Spore position: C, central or paracentral; S, subterminal; T, terminal. The commonest shapes and positions are listed first, and those shown in parentheses are infrequently observed.

Citation: Logan N, Hoffmaster A, Shadomy S, Stauffer K. 2011. and Other Aerobic Endospore-Forming Bacteria , p 381-402. In Versalovic J, Carroll K, Funke G, Jorgensen J, Landry M, Warnock D (ed), Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 10th Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816728.ch24
/content/10.1128/9781555816728.chap24.tab24-1b
TABLE 1b

Characters for differentiating some species of , , , and

Symbols and abbreviations: +, ≥85% positive; +/w, positive or weakly positive; w, weakly positive; (+), 75 to 84% positive; v, variable (26 to 74% positive); (–), 16 to 25% positive; –, 0 to 15% positive; –/w, negative or weakly positive.

Arginine dihydrolase, indole production, gelatin hydrolysis, and nitrate reduction reactions was determined using tests in the API 20E strip (bioMérieux). Acid from carbohydrate reactions was determined using the API 50CHB System (bioMérieux).

Reactions shown in brackets are for the biotype isolated particularly in connection with outbreaks of emetic-type food poisoning and for strains of serovars 1, 3, 5, and 8, which are commonly associated with such outbreaks.

Spore shape: C, cylindrical; E, ellipsoidal; S, spherical. Spore position: C, central or paracentral; S, subterminal; T, terminal. The commonest shapes and positions are listed first, and those shown in parentheses are infrequently observed.

10.1128/9781555816728/tab24-1b_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816728/tab24-1b.gif
Generic image for table
TABLE 1b

Characters for differentiating some species of , , , and

Symbols and abbreviations: +, ≥85% positive; +/w, positive or weakly positive; w, weakly positive; (+), 75 to 84% positive; v, variable (26 to 74% positive); (–), 16 to 25% positive; –, 0 to 15% positive; –/w, negative or weakly positive.

Arginine dihydrolase, indole production, gelatin hydrolysis, and nitrate reduction reactions was determined using tests in the API 20E strip (bioMérieux). Acid from carbohydrate reactions was determined using the API 50CHB System (bioMérieux).

Reactions shown in brackets are for the biotype isolated particularly in connection with outbreaks of emetic-type food poisoning and for strains of serovars 1, 3, 5, and 8, which are commonly associated with such outbreaks.

Spore shape: C, cylindrical; E, ellipsoidal; S, spherical. Spore position: C, central or paracentral; S, subterminal; T, terminal. The commonest shapes and positions are listed first, and those shown in parentheses are infrequently observed.

Citation: Logan N, Hoffmaster A, Shadomy S, Stauffer K. 2011. and Other Aerobic Endospore-Forming Bacteria , p 381-402. In Versalovic J, Carroll K, Funke G, Jorgensen J, Landry M, Warnock D (ed), Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 10th Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816728.ch24

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