Coryneform Gram-Positive Rods

Guido Funke; Kathryn A. Bernard

doi:10.1128/9781555816728.ch26

Chapter 26 : Coryneform Gram-Positive Rods

Authors: Guido Funke, Kathryn A. Bernard

Content Type: Reference

Publication Year: 2011

Category: Clinical Microbiology

Book DOI: 10.1128/9781555816728

Chapter DOI: 10.1128/9781555816728.ch26

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Abstract:

This chapter deals with aerobically growing, asporogenous, irregularly shaped, non-partially acid-fast, gram-positive rods generally called "coryneforms." The bacteria discussed in the chapter all belong to the class Actinobacteria, the genera of which are characterized by specific 16S rRNA gene signature nucleotides. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing data demonstrate that the genera Corynebacterium and Turicella are more closely related to the partially acid-fast bacteria and to the genus Mycobacterium than to the other coryneform organisms covered in the chapter. The chapter discusses descriptions of genera and species. Detection of antibodies directed against diphtheria toxin is the only established serologic test for coryneform bacteria. Toxin neutralization assays using a Vero cell culture system have been replaced mainly by enzyme immunoassays. The susceptibility patterns for each taxon were given with the descriptions of each taxon. Since the antimicrobial susceptibility of coryneform bacteria is not predictable in every case, susceptibility testing should always be performed with clinically significant isolates.

Citation: Funke G, Bernard K. 2011. Coryneform Gram-Positive Rods, p 413-442. In Versalovic J, Carroll K, Funke G, Jorgensen J, Landry M, Warnock D (ed), Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 10th Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816728.ch26

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Coryneform Gram-Positive Rods

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FIGURE 1

Gram stain morphologies of Corynebacterium diphtheriae ATCC 14779 after 48 h of incubation (a), Turicella otitidis DSM 8821 (48 h) (b), Dermabacter hominis ATCC 51325 (48 h) (c), Gardnerella vaginalis ATCC 14018 (48 h) (d), Corynebacterium durum DMMZ 2544 (72 h) (e), and Corynebacterium matruchotii ATCC 14266 (24 h) (f), Corynebacterium aurimucosum HC-NML 91-0032 (24 h) (g), and black-pigmented Rothia dentocariosa HC-NML 77-0298 (24 h) (h).

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FIGURE 1

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FIGURE 2

CAMP reactions of different coryneform bacteria after 24 h. (Top) C. glucuronolyticum DMMZ 891 (positive reaction); (middle) C. diphtheriae ATCC 14779 (negative reaction); (bottom) A. haemolyticum ATCC 9345 (CAMP inhibition reaction). The vertical streak is S. aureus ATCC 25923.

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FIGURE 2

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FIGURE 3

Colony morphologies of different coryneform bacteria after 48 h of incubation on SBA. (a) C. amycolatum LCDC 91-0077; (b) C. diphtheriae ATCC 14779; (c) C. mucifaciens LCDC 97-0202; (d) C. striatum ATCC 6940; (e) D. hominis ATCC 51325; (f ) R. dentocariosa LCDC 95-0154; (g) C. aurimucosum HC-NML 91-0032 (after 96 h); (h) black-pigmented Rothia dentocariosa HC-NML 77- 0298 (after 96 h); (i) C. diphtheriae biotype gravis colonies on a Tinsdale agar plate. The last photo was kindly provided by C. Hinnebusch and M. Cohen, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA.

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FIGURE 3

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Tables

Coryneform Gram-Positive Rods

/content/10.1128/9781555816728.chap26.tab26-1

TABLE 1

Some chemotaxonomic features of the bacteria covered in this chapter

a m-DAP, meso-diaminopimelic acid; LYS, lysine; ORN, ornithine; DAB, diaminobutyric acid.

b Exceptions: C. amycolatum, C. atypicum, and C. kroppenstedtii.

c ND, no data.

10.1128/9781555816728/tab26-1_thmb.gif

10.1128/9781555816728/tab26-1.gif

TABLE 1

Some chemotaxonomic features of the bacteria covered in this chapter

a m-DAP, meso-diaminopimelic acid; LYS, lysine; ORN, ornithine; DAB, diaminobutyric acid.

b Exceptions: C. amycolatum, C. atypicum, and C. kroppenstedtii.

c ND, no data.

/content/10.1128/9781555816728.chap26.tab26-2

TABLE 2

Most frequently reported disease associations of coryneform bacteria in humans

a Taxa shown without references are from our observations or from references 6 and 72 .

10.1128/9781555816728/tab26-2_thmb.gif

10.1128/9781555816728/tab26-2.gif

TABLE 2

Most frequently reported disease associations of coryneform bacteria in humans

a Taxa shown without references are from our observations or from references 6 and 72 .

/content/10.1128/9781555816728.chap26.tab26-3

TABLE 3

Identification of medically relevant Corynebacterium spp. a

a Abbreviations and symbols: F, fermentation; O, oxidation; +, positive, –, negative, V, variable; ( ), delayed or weak reaction; ND, no data; REV, CAMP inhibition reaction; TBSA, tuberculostearic acid.

b Propionic acid as a glucose fermentation product.

c A blood culture isolate ( 8 ) was also O-nitrophenyl-β-d-galactopyranoside positive, oxidase positive, and weakly maltose positive but negative by the API Coryne system; propionic acid was not detected; β-galactosidase was not observed using two methods (API Coryne and API Zym systems); the API Coryne system code obtained is 0101104.

d C. diphtheriae biotype mitis is nitrate reductase positive, and C. diphtheriae biotype belfanti is nitrate reductase negative.

e C. simulans ( 159 ) is a strong nitrite reducer at low and high concentrations; nitrate reduction may appear to be negative unless further tested using zinc dust; one strain was catalase negative ( 8 ).

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TABLE 3

Identification of medically relevant Corynebacterium spp. a

b Propionic acid as a glucose fermentation product.

d C. diphtheriae biotype mitis is nitrate reductase positive, and C. diphtheriae biotype belfanti is nitrate reductase negative.

/content/10.1128/9781555816728.chap26.tab26-4

TABLE 4

Identification of medically relevant coryneform bacteria other than Corynebacterium spp. a

a Abbreviations and symbols: +, positive reaction; – negative reaction; v, variable reaction; O, oxidation; F, fermentation. See also references 6 , 72 , and 122 .

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TABLE 4

Identification of medically relevant coryneform bacteria other than Corynebacterium spp. a

a Abbreviations and symbols: +, positive reaction; – negative reaction; v, variable reaction; O, oxidation; F, fermentation. See also references 6 , 72 , and 122 .