Haemophilus

Nathan A. Ledeboer; Gary V. Doern

doi:10.1128/9781555816728.ch34

Chapter 34 : Haemophilus

Authors: Nathan A. Ledeboer, Gary V. Doern

Content Type: Reference

Publication Year: 2011

Category: Clinical Microbiology

Book DOI: 10.1128/9781555816728

Chapter DOI: 10.1128/9781555816728.ch34

MyBook is a cheap paperback edition of the original book and will be sold at uniform, low price.

Preview this chapter:

Haemophilus, Page 1 of 2

< Previous page | Next page > /docserver/preview/fulltext/10.1128/9781555816728/9781555814632_Chap34-1.gif /docserver/preview/fulltext/10.1128/9781555816728/9781555814632_Chap34-2.gif

Abstract:

While the number of Haemophilus species described greatly exceeds the number of human pathogens, eight species affecting humans currently included in this genus are H. influenzae, H. aegyptius, H. ducreyi, H. pittmaniae, H. parainfluenzae, H. haemolyticus, H. parahaemolyticus, and H. paraphrohaemolyticus. Aggregatibacter aphrophilus, Aggregatibacter paraphrophilus, and Aggregatibacter segnis were formerly included in the genus Haemophilus but have recently been reclassified into the genus Aggregatibacter (formerly Actinobacillus) based on molecular taxonomy. In the absence of the recently reclassified species, significant genetic diversity still exists in the Haemophilus genus. Haemophilus influenzae may be found as part of the commensal bacterial flora of the mucosal surfaces of the upper respiratory tracts (URT) of many healthy individuals. Several molecular methods, including 16S rRNA gene sequencing, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and fluorescence in-site hybridization have been described in the literature as being effective tools for the species identification of Haemophilus when performed on organisms recovered in culture. Other molecular methods for typing have also been applied to Haemophilusspecies. In one study evaluating the performance of intergenic dyad sequence (IDS)-PCR with 69 NTHi isolates, the assay demonstrated 65 different banding patterns that were epidemiologically classified as fingerprints similar to those obtained by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE).

Citation: Ledeboer N, Doern G. 2011. Haemophilus, p 588-602. In Versalovic J, Carroll K, Funke G, Jorgensen J, Landry M, Warnock D (ed), Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 10th Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816728.ch34

Highlighted Text: Show | Hide

Full text loading...

Figures

Haemophilus

[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/author/10.1128/9781555816728.chap34-1,webId=/content/author/10.1128/9781555816728.chap34-1,properties={foaf_givenname=Nathan A., foaf_name=Nathan A. Ledeboer, foaf_surname=Ledeboer}], com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/author/10.1128/9781555816728.chap34-2,webId=/content/author/10.1128/9781555816728.chap34-2,properties={foaf_givenname=Gary V., foaf_name=Gary V. Doern, foaf_surname=Doern}]]

/content/10.1128/9781555816728.chap34.fig34-1

FIGURE 1

Electron micrographs depicting an encapsulated type b strain (left) and a nonencapsulated, nontypeable strain (right) of Haemophilus influenzae.

10.1128/9781555816728/fig34-1_thmb.gif

10.1128/9781555816728/fig34-1.gif

FIGURE 1

Electron micrographs depicting an encapsulated type b strain (left) and a nonencapsulated, nontypeable strain (right) of Haemophilus influenzae.

/content/10.1128/9781555816728.chap34.fig34-2

FIGURE 2

Gram stain of Haemophilus influenzae present in CSF.

10.1128/9781555816728/fig34-2_thmb.gif

10.1128/9781555816728/fig34-2.gif

FIGURE 2

Gram stain of Haemophilus influenzae present in CSF.

/content/10.1128/9781555816728.chap34.fig34-3

FIGURE 3

Colony morphologies of type b encapsulated (left) and nonencapsulated (right) strains of Haemophilus influenzae when propagated on enriched chocolate agar.

10.1128/9781555816728/fig34-3_thmb.gif

10.1128/9781555816728/fig34-3.gif

FIGURE 3

Colony morphologies of type b encapsulated (left) and nonencapsulated (right) strains of Haemophilus influenzae when propagated on enriched chocolate agar.

/content/10.1128/9781555816728.chap34.fig34-4

FIGURE 4

Colony morphologies of type b encapsulated (left and right) and nonencapsulated (center) strains of Haemophilus influenzae when propagated on Levinthal's agar. Note the conspicuous iridescence apparent with the encapsulated strain.

10.1128/9781555816728/fig34-4_thmb.gif

10.1128/9781555816728/fig34-4.gif

FIGURE 4

/content/10.1128/9781555816728.chap34.fig34-5

FIGURE 5

Colony growth from an expectorated-sputum specimen containing Haemophilus influenzae from a patient with cystic fibrosis propagated on enriched chocolate agar (left) and enriched chocolate agar

10.1128/9781555816728/fig34-5_thmb.gif

10.1128/9781555816728/fig34-5.gif

FIGURE 5

Colony growth from an expectorated-sputum specimen containing Haemophilus influenzae from a patient with cystic fibrosis propagated on enriched chocolate agar (left) and enriched chocolate agar

/content/10.1128/9781555816728.chap34.fig34-6

FIGURE 6

Satellite phenomenon observed when Haemophilus influenzae is propagated next to a streak of Staphylococcus aureus on a 5% sheep blood agar plate.

10.1128/9781555816728/fig34-6_thmb.gif

10.1128/9781555816728/fig34-6.gif

FIGURE 6

Satellite phenomenon observed when Haemophilus influenzae is propagated next to a streak of Staphylococcus aureus on a 5% sheep blood agar plate.

/content/10.1128/9781555816728.chap34.fig34-7

FIGURE 7

Use of X and V factor disks and strips in determining the growth factor requirements of Haemophilus influenzae (left disks) and H. parainfluenzae (right disks).

10.1128/9781555816728/fig34-7_thmb.gif

10.1128/9781555816728/fig34-7.gif

FIGURE 7

Use of X and V factor disks and strips in determining the growth factor requirements of Haemophilus influenzae (left disks) and H. parainfluenzae (right disks).

/content/10.1128/9781555816728.chap34.fig34-8

FIGURE 8

Positive (top) and negative (bottom) porphyrin tests.

10.1128/9781555816728/fig34-8_thmb.gif

10.1128/9781555816728/fig34-8.gif

FIGURE 8

Positive (top) and negative (bottom) porphyrin tests.

/content/10.1128/9781555816728.chap34.fig34-9

FIGURE 9

Conventional biochemicals depicting positive and negative reactions for indole, urease, and ornithine decarboxylase production (left to right) by Haemophilus spp.

10.1128/9781555816728/fig34-9_thmb.gif

10.1128/9781555816728/fig34-9.gif

FIGURE 9

Conventional biochemicals depicting positive and negative reactions for indole, urease, and ornithine decarboxylase production (left to right) by Haemophilus spp.

References

/content/book/10.1128/9781555816728.chap34

1. Abdeldaim, G. M.,, K. Stralin,, L. A. Kirsebom,, P. Olcen,, J. Blomberg,, and B. Herrmann. 2009. Detection of Haemophilus influenzae in respiratory secretions from pneumonia patients by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 64: 366– 373.

2. Aparicio, P.,, F. Roman,, and J. Campos. 1996. Epidemiological characterization of Haemophilus influenzae using molecular markers. Enferm. Infecc. Microbiol. Clin. 14: 227– 232. (In Spanish.)

3. Barbe, G.,, M. Babolat,, J. M. Boeufgras,, D. Monget,, and J. Freney. 1994. Evaluation of API NH, a new 2-hour system for identification of Neisseria and Haemophilus species and Moraxella catarrhalis in a routine clinical laboratory. J. Clin. Microbiol. 32: 187– 189.

4. Barbosa, S. F.,, S. Hoshino-Shimizu,, M. G. Alkmin,, and H. Goto. 2003. Implications of Haemophilus influenzae biogroup aegyptius hemagglutinins in the pathogenesis of Brazilian purpuric fever. J. Infect. Dis. 188: 74– 80.

5. Berbari, E. F.,, F. R. Cockerill III,, and J. M. Steckelberg. 1997. Infective endocarditis due to unusual or fastidious microorganisms. Mayo Clin. Proc. 72: 532– 542.

6. Biberstein, E. L.,, P. D. Mini,, and M. G. Gills. 1963. Action of Haemophilus cultures on delta-aminolevulinic acid. J. Bacteriol. 86: 814– 819.

7. Reference 6.deleted.

8. Brandileone, M. C.,, G. W. Ajello,, W. F. Bibb,, V. S. Vieira,, F. O. Sottnek,, B. Swaminathan, and the Brazilian Purpuric Fever Study Group. 1989. Development of diagnostic tests for Haemophilus influenzae biogroup aegyptius, the etiologic agent of Brazilian purpuric fever. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 8: 243– 245.

9. Breitkopf, C.,, D. Hammel,, H. H. Scheld,, G. Peters,, and K. Becker. 2005. Impact of a molecular approach to improve the microbiological diagnosis of infective heart valve endocarditis. Circulation 111: 1415– 1421.

10. Bruant, G.,, S. Watt,, R. Quentin,, and A. Rosenau. 2003. Typing of nonencapsulated Haemophilus strains by repetitive-element sequence-based PCR using intergenic dyad sequences. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41: 3473– 3480.

11. Burman, L. A.,, M. Leinonen,, and B. Trollfors. 1994. Use of serology to diagnose pneumonia caused by nonencapsulated Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis. J. Infect. Dis. 170: 220– 222.

12. Catlin, B. W. 1970. Haemophilus influenzae in cultures of cerebrospinal fluid. Noncapsulated variants typable by immunofluorescence. Am.J. Dis. Child. 120: 203– 210.

13. Cattoir, V.,, O. Lemenand,, J. L. Avril,, and O. Gaillot. 2006. The sodA gene as a target for phylogenetic dissection of the genus Haemophilus and accurate identification of human clinical isolates. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 296: 531– 540.

14. Chandran, A.,, J. P. Watt,, and M. Santosham. 2005. Prevention of Haemophilus influenzae type b disease: past success and future challenges. Expert Rev. Vaccines 4: 819– 827.

15. Chapin, K. C.,, and G. V. Doern. 1983. Selective media for recovery of Haemophilus influenzae from specimens contaminated with upper respiratory tract microbial flora. J. Clin. Microbiol. 17: 1163– 1165.

16. Chiba, N.,, S. Y. Murayama,, M. Morozumi,, E. Nakayama,, T. Okada,, S. Iwata,, K. Sunakawa,, and K. Ubukata. 2009. Rapid detection of eight causative pathogens for the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis by real-time PCR. J. Infect. Chemother. 15: 92– 98.

17. Clarridge, J. E., III. 2004. Impact of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis for identification of bacteria on clinical microbiology and infectious diseases. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 17: 840– 862.

18. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. 2009. Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria That Grow Aerobically. Approved Standard, Eighth Edition. Document M07-A8. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Wayne, PA.

19. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. 2009. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk Susceptibility Tests. Approved Standard, Eighth Edition. Document M02-A10. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Wayne, PA.

20. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. 2009. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing; Nineteenth Informational Supplement. Document M100-S19. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Wayne, PA.

21. Cole, R. A.,, and R. N. Winickoff. 1979. Hemophilus parainfluenzae endocarditis. South. Med. J. 72: 516– 518.

22. Corless, C. E.,, M. Guiver,, R. Borrow,, V. Edwards-Jones,, A. J. Fox,, and E. B. Kaczmarski. 2001. Simultaneous detection of Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, and Streptococcus pneumoniae in suspected cases of meningitis and septicemia using real-time PCR. J. Clin. Microbiol. 39: 1553– 1558.

23. Czelusta, A.,, A. Yen-Moore,, M. Van der Straten,, D. Carrasco,, and S. K. Tyring. 2000. An overview of sexually transmitted diseases. Part III. Sexually transmitted diseases in HIV-infected patients. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 43: 409– 436.

24. Dangor, Y.,, R. C. Ballard,, F. da L. Exposto, G. Fehler, S. D. Miller, and H. J. Koornhof. 1990. Accuracy of clinical diagnosis of genital ulcer disease. Sex. Transm. Dis. 17: 184– 189.

25. Dangor, Y.,, F. Radebe,, and R. C. Ballard. 1993. Transport media for Haemophilus ducreyi. Sex. Transm. Dis. 20: 5– 9.

26. DiCarlo, R. P.,, and D. H. Martin. 1997. The clinical diagnosis of genital ulcer disease in men. Clin. Infect. Dis. 25: 292– 298.

27. Doern, G. V. 1992. In vitro susceptibility testing of Haemophilus influenzae: review of new National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards recommendations. J. Clin. Microbiol. 30: 3035– 3038.

28. Doern, G. V.,, and B. Brogden-Torres. 1992. Optimum use of selective plated media in primary processing of respiratory tract specimens from patients with cystic fibrosis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 30: 2740– 2742.

29. Doern, G.V.,, and S. D. Brown. 2004. Antimicrobial susceptibility among community-acquired respiratory tract pathogens in the USA: data from PROTEKT US 2000-01. J. Infect. 48: 56– 65.

30. Doern, G. V.,, and K. C. Chapin. 1987. Determination of biotypes of Haemophilus influenzae and Haemophilus parainfluenzae a comparison of methods and a description of a new biotype (VIII) of H. parainfluenzae. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 7: 269– 272.

31. Doern, G. V.,, and K. C. Chapin. 1984. Laboratory identification of Haemophilus influenzae: effects of basal media on the results of the satellitism test and evaluation of the RapID NH system. J. Clin. Microbiol. 20: 599– 601.

32. Doern, G. V.,, J. H. Jorgensen,, C. Thornsberry,, D. A. Preston,, T. Tubert,, J. S. Redding,, and L. A. Maher. 1988. National collaborative study of the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among clinical isolates of Haemophilus influenzae. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 32: 180– 185.

33. Erwin, A. L.,, and A. L. Smith. 2007. Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae: understanding virulence and commensal behavior. Trends Microbiol. 15: 355– 362.

34. Evans, N. M.,, and D. D. Smith. 1972. The effect of the medium and source of growth factors on the satellitism test for Haemophilus species. J. Med. Microbiol. 5: 509– 514.

35. Flesher, A. R.,, and R. A. Insel. 1978. Characterization of lipopolysaccharide of Haemophilus influenzae. J. Infect. Dis. 138: 719– 730.

36. Fuller, D. D.,, T. E. Davis,, P. C. Kibsey,, L. Rosmus,, L. W. Ayers,, M. Ott,, M. A. Saubolle,, and D. L. Sewell. 1994. Comparison of BACTEC Plus 26 and 27 media with and without fastidious organism supplement with conventional methods for culture of sterile body fluids. J. Clin. Microbiol. 32: 1488– 1491.

37. Greene, J. N.,, R. L. Sandin,, L. Villanueva,, and J. T. Sinnott. 1993. Haemophilus parainfluenzae endocarditis in a patient with mitral valve prolapse. Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci. 23: 203– 206.

38. Heilmann, K. P.,, C. L. Rice,, A. L. Miller,, N. J. Miller,, S. E. Beekmann,, M. A. Pfaller,, S. S. Richter,, and G. V. Doern. 2005. Decreasing prevalence of beta-lactamase production among respiratory tract isolates of Haemophilus influenzae in the United States. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 49: 2561– 2564.

39. Jacobs, M. R.,, J. Anon,, and P. C. Appelbaum. 2004. Mechanisms of resistance among respiratory tract pathogens. Clin. Lab. Med. 24: 419– 453.

40. Jorgensen, J. H.,, G. V. Doern,, L. A. Maher,, A. W. Howell,, and J. S. Redding. 1990. Antimicrobial resistance among respiratory isolates of Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 34: 2075– 2080.

41. Jorgensen, J. H.,, A. W. Howell,, and L. A. Maher. 1990. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of less commonly isolated Haemophilus species using Haemophilus test medium. J. Clin. Microbiol. 28: 985– 988.

42. Kaczmarek, F. S.,, T. D. Gootz,, F. Dib-Hajj,, W. Shang,, S. Hallowell,, and M. Cronan. 2004. Genetic and molecular characterization of beta-lactamase-negative ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae with unusually high resistance to ampicillin. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48: 1630– 1639.

43. Kais, M.,, C. Spindler,, M. Kalin,, A. Ortqvist,, and C. G. Giske. 2006. Quantitative detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis in lower respiratory tract samples by real-time PCR. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 55: 169– 178.

44. Kalogianni, D. P.,, S. Goura,, A. J. Aletras,, T. K. Christopoulos,, M. G. Chanos,, M. Christofidou,, A. Skoutelis,, P. C. Ioannou,, and E. Panagiotopoulos. 2007. Dry reagent dipstick test combined with 23S rRNA PCR for molecular diagnosis of bacterial infection in arthroplasty. Anal. Biochem. 361: 169– 175.

45. Kilian, M., 2005. Genus II. Haemophilus Winslow, Broadhurst, Krumwiede, Rogers and Smith 1917,561. In G. M. Garrity (ed.), Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, vol. 2. Springer, New York, NY.

46. Kilian, M. 1976. The haemolytic activity of Haemophilus species. Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. B 84B: 339– 341.

47. Kilian, M., 2003. Haemophilus, p. 623– 635. In P. R. Murray,, E. J. Baron,, J. H. Jorgensen,, M. A. Pfaller,, and R. H. Yolken (ed.), Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 8th ed. ASM Press, Washington, DC.

48. Kilian, M., 2007. Haemophilus, p. 636– 648. In P. R. Murray,, E. J. Baron,, J. H. Jorgensen,, M. L. Landry,, and M. A. Pfaller (ed.), Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 9th ed. ASM Press, Washington, DC.

49. Kilian, M. 1974. A rapid method for the differentiation of Haemophilus strains. The porphyrin test. Acta Pathol. Microbiol Scand. B 82: 835– 842.

50. Kilian, M. 1976. A taxonomic study of the genus Haemophilus, with the proposal of a new species. J. Gen. Microbiol. 93: 9– 62.

51. Kilian, M.,, and E. L. Biberstein,. 1984. Genus II. Haemophilus Winslow, Broadhurst, Krumwiede, Rogers and Smith 1917, 561, p. 4. In D.H. Bergey,, N. R. Krieg,, and J. G. Holt (ed.), Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD.

52. Kuklinska, D.,, and M. Kilian. 1984. Relative proportions of Haemophilus species in the throat of healthy children and adults. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. 3: 249– 252.

53. LaClaire, L. L.,, M. L. Tondella,, D. S. Beall,, C. A. Noble,, P. L. Raghunathan,, N. E. Rosenstein,, and T. Popovic. 2003. Identification of Haemophilus influenzae serotypes by standard slide agglutination serotyping and PCR-based capsule typing. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41: 393– 396.

54. Lewis, D. A. 2000. Diagnostic tests for chancroid. Sex. Transm. Infect. 76: 137– 141.

55. Maaroufi, Y.,, J. M. De Bruyne,, C. Heymans,, and F. Crokaert. 2007. Real-time PCR for determining capsular serotypes of Haemophilus influenzae. J. Clin. Microbiol. 45: 2305– 2308.

56. Markowitz, S. M. 1980. Isolation of an ampicillin-resistant, non-b-lactamase-producing strain of Haemophilus influenzae. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 17: 80– 83.

57. Marty, A.,, O. Greiner,, P. J. Day,, S. Gunziger,, K. Muhlemann,, and D. Nadal. 2004. Detection of Haemophilus influenzae type b by real-time PCR. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42: 3813– 3815.

58. McLinn, S. E.,, J. D. Nelson,, and K. C. Haltalin. 1970. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Hemophilus influenzae. Pediatrics 45: 827– 838.

59. Mein, J.,, and G. Lum. 1999. CSF bacterial antigen detection tests offer no advantage over Gram’s stain in the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis. Pathology 31: 67– 69.

60. Mohammed, T. T.,, and Y. M. Olumide. 2008. Chancroid and human immunodeficiency virus infection—a review. Int. J. Dermatol. 47: 1– 8.

61. Morris, S. K.,, W. J. Moss,, and N. Halsey. 2008. Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine use and effectiveness. Lancet Infect. Dis. 8: 435– 443.

62. Morse, S. A.,, D. L. Trees,, Y. Htun,, F. Radebe,, K. A. Orle,, Y. Dangor,, C. M. Beck-Sague,, S. Schmid,, G. Fehler,, J. B. Weiss,, and R. C. Ballard. 1997. Comparison of clinical diagnosis and standard laboratory and molecular methods for the diagnosis of genital ulcer disease in Lesotho: association with human immunodeficiency virus infection. J. Infect. Dis. 175: 583– 589.

63. Munson, E.,, M. Pfaller,, F. Koontz,, and G. Doern. 2002. Comparison of porphyrin-based, growth factor-based, and biochemical-based testing methods for identification of Haemophilus influenzae. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 21: 196– 203.

64. Munson, E. L.,, and G. V. Doern. 2007. Comparison of three commercial test systems for biotyping Haemophilus influenzae and Haemophilus parainfluenzae. J. Clin. Microbiol. 45: 4051– 4053.

65. Murphy, T. F., 2005. Haemophilus infections, p. 2661– 2669. In G. L. Mandell,, J. E. Bennett,, and R. Dolin (ed.), Principles and Practices of Infectious Diseases, 6th ed, vol. 2. Elsevier, Philadelphia, PA.

66. Murphy, T. F.,, J. M. Bernstein,, D. M. Dryja,, A. A. Campagnari,, and M. A. Apicella. 1987. Outer membrane protein and lipooligosaccharide analysis of paired nasopharyngeal and middle ear isolates in otitis media due to nontypable Haemophilus influenzae: pathogenetic and epidemiological observations. J. Infect. Dis. 156: 723– 731.

67. Murphy, T. F.,, and S. Sethi. 2002. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: role of bacteria and guide to antibacterial selection in the older patient. Drugs Aging 19: 761– 775.

68. Norskov-Lauritsen, N.,, and M. Kilian. 2006. Reclassification of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Haemophilus aphrophilus, Haemophilus paraphrophilus and Haemophilus segnis as Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans gen. nov., comb. nov., Aggregatibacter aphrophilus comb. nov. and Aggregatibacter segnis comb. nov., and emended description of Aggregatibacter aphro-philus to include V factor-dependent and V factor-independent isolates. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 56: 2135– 2146.

69. Oberhofer, T. R.,, and A. E. Back. 1979. Biotypes of Haemo-philus encountered in clinical laboratories. J. Clin. Microbiol. 10: 168– 174.

70. Ohkusu, K.,, K. A. Nash,, and C. B. Inderlied. 2005. Molecular characterisation of Haemophilus influenzae type a and untypeable strains isolated simultaneously from cerebrospinal fluid and blood: novel use of quantitative real-time PCR based on the cap copy number to determine virulence. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 11: 637– 643.

71. Parsons, L. M.,, M. Shayegani,, A. L. Waring,, and L. H. Bopp. 1989. DNA probes for the identification of Haemophi-lus ducreyi. J. Clin. Microbiol. 27: 1441– 1445.

72. Pittman, M. 1930. Variation and type-specificity in the bacterial species, Haemophilus influenzae. J. Exp. Med. 53: 471– 478.

73. Pittman, M.,, and D. J. Davis. 1950. Identification of the Koch-Weeks bacillus (Hemophilus aegyptius). J. Bacteriol. 59: 413– 426.

74. Poppert, S.,, A. Essig,, B. Stoehr,, A. Steingruber,, B. Wirths,, S. Juretschko,, U. Reischl,, and N. Wellinghausen. 2005. Rapid diagnosis of bacterial meningitis by real-time PCR and fluorescence in situ hybridization. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43: 3390– 3397.

75. Quentin, R.,, J. M. Musser,, M. Mellouet,, P. Y. Sizaret,, R. K. Selander,, and A. Goudeau. 1989. Typing of urogenital, maternal, and neonatal isolates of Haemophilus influenzae and Haemophilus parainfluenzae in correlation with clinical source of isolation and evidence for a genital specificity of H. influ-enzae biotype IV. J. Clin. Microbiol. 27: 2286– 2294.

76. Raymond, J.,, L. Armand-Lefevre,, F. Moulin,, H. Dabernat,, A. Commeau,, D. Gendrel,, and P. Berche. 2001. Nasopharyngeal colonization by Haemophilus influenzae in children living in an orphanage. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 20: 779– 784.

77. Rennie, R.,, T. Gordon,, Y. Yaschuk,, P. Tomlin,, P. Kibsey,, and W. Albritton. 1992. Laboratory and clinical evaluations of media for the primary isolation of Haemophilus species. J. Clin. Microbiol. 30: 1917– 1921.

78. Rennie, R. P.,, C. Brosnikoff,, S. Shokoples,, L. B. Reller,, S. Mirrett,, W. Janda,, K. Ristow,, and A. Krilcich. 2008. Multicenter evaluation of the new Vitek 2 Neisseria-Haemophilus identification card. J. Clin. Microbiol. 46: 2681– 2685.

79. Ribeiro, G. S.,, J. B. Lima,, J. N. Reis,, E. L. Gouveia,, S. M. Cordeiro,, T. S. Lobo,, R. M. Pinheiro,, C. T. Ribeiro,, A. B. Neves,, K. Salgado,, H. R. Silva,, M. G. Reis,, and A. I. Ko. 2007. Haemophilus influenzae meningitis 5 years after introduction of the Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine in Brazil. Vaccine 25: 4420– 4428.

80. Rosenfeld, M.,, J. Emerson,, F. Accurso,, D. Armstrong,, R. Castile,, K. Grimwood,, P. Hiatt,, K. McCoy,, S. McNamara,, B. Ramsey,, and J. Wagener. 1999. Diagnostic accuracy of oropharyngeal cultures in infants and young children with cystic fibrosis. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 28: 321– 328.

81. Saha, S. K.,, G. L. Darmstadt,, A. H. Baqui,, N. Islam,, S. Qazi,, M. Islam,, S. El Arifeen,, M. Santosham,, R. E. Black,, and D. W. Crook. 2008. Direct detection of the multidrug resistance genome of Haemophilus influenzae in cerebrospinal fluid of children: implications for treatment of meningitis. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 27: 49– 53.

82.. Saito, M.,, A. Umeda,, and S. Yoshida. 1999. Subtyping of Haemophilus influenzae strains by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 37: 2142– 2147.

83. Scott, F. A.,, C. German,, and J. A. Boswick, Jr. 1981. Hemophilus influenzae cellulitis of the hand. J. Hand Surg. Am. 6: 506– 509.

84. Sell, S. H.,, W. J. Cheatham,, B. Young,, and K. Welch. 1963. Hemophilus influenzae in respiratory infections. I. Typing by immunofluorescent techniques. Am. J. Dis. Child. 105: 466– 469.

85. Sell, S. H.,, R. S. Sanders,, and W. J. Cheatham. 1963. Hemophilus influenzae in respiratory infections. II. Specific serological antibodies identified by agglutination and immunofluorescent techniques. Am. J. Dis. Child. 105: 470– 474.

86. Sethi, S.,, and T. F. Murphy. 2001. Bacterial infection in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in 2000: a state-of-theart review. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 14: 336– 363.

87. Slootmans, L.,, D. A. Vanden Berghe,, and P. Piot. 1985. Typing Haemophilus ducreyi by indirect immunofluorescence assay. Genitourin. Med. 61: 123– 126.

88. St. Geme, J. W., III. 1993. Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae disease: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and prospects for prevention. Infect. Agents Dis. 2: 1– 16.

89. Stralin, K.,, A. Backman,, H. Holmberg,, H. Fredlund,, and P. Olcen. 2005. Design of a multiplex PCR for Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydophila pneumoniae to be used on sputum samples. APMIS 113: 99– 111.

90. Stralin, K.,, H. Holmberg,, and P. Olcen. 2004. Antibody response to the patient’s own Haemophilus influenzae isolate can support the aetiology in lower respiratory tract infections. APMIS 112: 299– 303.

91. Swingler, G.,, D. Fransman,, and G. Hussey. 2007. Conjugate vaccines for preventing Haemophilus influenzae type B infections. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 18: CD001729.

92. Tzanakaki, G.,, M. Tsopanomichalou,, K. Kesanopoulos,, R. Matzourani,, M. Sioumala,, A. Tabaki,, and J. Kremastinou. 2005. Simultaneous single-tube PCR assay for the detection of Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae type b and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 11: 386– 390.

93. Ubukata, K.,, Y. Shibasaki,, K. Yamamoto,, N. Chiba,, K. Hasegawa,, Y. Takeuchi,, K. Sunakawa,, M. Inoue,, and M. Konno. 2001. Association of amino acid substitutions in penicillin-binding protein 3 with beta-lactam resistance in beta-lactamase-negative ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45: 1693– 1699.

94. Valenza, G.,, C. Ruoff,, U. Vogel,, M. Frosch,, and M. Abele-Horn. 2007. Microbiological evaluation of the new VITEK 2 Neisseria-Haemophilus identification card. J. Clin. Microbiol. 45: 3493– 3497.

95. van Ketel, R. J.,, B. de Wever,, and L. van Alphen. 1990. Detection of Haemophilus influenzae in cerebrospinal fluids by polymerase chain reaction DNA amplification. J. Med. Microbiol. 33: 271– 276.

96. Wallace, R. J., Jr.,, C. J. Baker,, F. J. Quinones,, D. G. Hollis,, R. E. Weaver,, and K. Wiss. 1983. Nontypable Haemophilus influenzae (biotype 4) as a neonatal, maternal, and genital pathogen. Rev. Infect. Dis. 5: 123– 136.

97. Wellinghausen, N.,, B. Wirths,, A. R. Franz,, L. Karolyi,, R. Marre,, and U. Reischl. 2004. Algorithm for the identification of bacterial pathogens in positive blood cultures by real-time LightCycler polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with sequence-specific probes. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 48: 229– 241.

98. West, B.,, S. M. Wilson,, J. Changalucha,, S. Patel,, P. Mayaud,, R. C. Ballard,, and D. Mabey. 1995. Simplified PCR for detection of Haemophilus ducreyi and diagnosis of chancroid. J. Clin. Microbiol. 33: 787– 790.

99. Woo, P. C.,, K. H. Ng,, S. K. Lau,, K. T. Yip,, A. M. Fung,, K. W. Leung,, D. M. Tam,, T. L. Que,, and K. Y. Yuen. 2003. Usefulness of the MicroSeq 500 16S ribosomal DNA-based bacterial identification system for identification of clinically significant bacterial isolates with ambiguous biochemical profiles. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41: 1996– 2001.

100. York, M. K., 2004. Haemophilus ducreyi cultures, p. 3.9.4.1– 3.9.4.5. In H. D. Isenberg (ed. in chief), Clinical Microbiology Procedures Handbook, 2nd ed., vol. 1. ASM Press, Washington, DC.

101. Zaretzky, F. R.,, and T. H. Kawula. 1999. Examination of early interactions between Haemophilus ducreyi and host cells by using cocultured HaCaT keratinocytes and foreskin fibroblasts. Infect. Immun. 67: 5352– 5360.

Tables

Haemophilus

/content/10.1128/9781555816728.chap34.tab34-1

TABLE 1

Differential characteristics of Haemophilus species e

a Indole, urease, and ornithine decarboxylase production are the basis for biotyping schemes with H. influenzae and H. parainfluenzae as depicted in Table 2 .

b A delayed positivereaction occurs in more than 90% of strains.

c Delayed development of hemolysis occurs in 11 to 89% of strains.

d Elevated concentrations of CO2 of ≥10% enhance growth.

e +, positive; –, negative; v, variable reaction; w, weak reaction; uk, unknown.

10.1128/9781555816728/tab34-1_thmb.gif

10.1128/9781555816728/tab34-1.gif

TABLE 1

Differential characteristics of Haemophilus species e

a Indole, urease, and ornithine decarboxylase production are the basis for biotyping schemes with H. influenzae and H. parainfluenzae as depicted in Table 2 .

b A delayed positivereaction occurs in more than 90% of strains.

c Delayed development of hemolysis occurs in 11 to 89% of strains.

d Elevated concentrations of CO2 of ≥10% enhance growth.

e +, positive; –, negative; v, variable reaction; w, weak reaction; uk, unknown.

/content/10.1128/9781555816728.chap34.tab34-2

TABLE 2

Biotypes of Haemophilus influenzae and H. parainfluenzae

10.1128/9781555816728/tab34-2_thmb.gif

10.1128/9781555816728/tab34-2.gif

TABLE 2

Biotypes of Haemophilus influenzae and H. parainfluenzae