Bacteroides, Porphyromonas, Prevotella, Fusobacterium, and Other Anaerobic Gram-Negative Rods

Eija Könönen; William G. Wade; Diane M. Citron

doi:10.1128/9781555816728.ch51

Chapter 51 : Bacteroides, Porphyromonas, Prevotella, Fusobacterium, and Other Anaerobic Gram-Negative Rods

Authors: Eija Könönen, William G. Wade, Diane M. Citron

Content Type: Reference

Publication Year: 2011

Category: Clinical Microbiology

Book DOI: 10.1128/9781555816728

Chapter DOI: 10.1128/9781555816728.ch51

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Abstract:

Within the family Bacteroidaceae, the genus Bacteroides consists of saccharolytic, bile-resistant, and nonpigmented species, mainly isolated from the gut. In a study using sequencing of the 16S-23S rRNA gene internal transcribed spacer regions of Fusobacterium species, three phylogenetic clusters were formed. Many anaerobic gram-negative rods, e.g., different species within the genus Fusobacterium, have unique cell morphology. Molecular methods are increasingly used for direct detection of bacteria from clinical specimens. The pigmented Prevotella and Porphyromonas species vary greatly in the degree and rapidity of pigment production (2 to 21 days), which ranges from buff to tan to black, depending primarily on the type of blood and the composition of the base medium used in the agar. Fluorescence under long-wavelength UV light can be helpful in presumptive identification; pigmented Prevotella and Porphyromonas colonies typically fluoresce red, F. nucleatum and F. necrophorum fluoresce yellow-green, and Desulfovibrio and Bilophila species, when tested with a drop of NaOH on a swab of cell paste, fluoresce red due to the presence of desulfoviridin pigment. In a survey, conducted at the National Taiwan University Hospital, the proportion of susceptible isolates of Bacteroides, Prevotella, and/or Fusobacterium species to many antimicrobials, especially cefmetazole, clindamycin, and the combination ampicillin-sulbactam, decreased during the period from 2000 to 2007.

Citation: Könönen E, Wade W, Citron D. 2011. Bacteroides, Porphyromonas, Prevotella, Fusobacterium, and Other Anaerobic Gram-Negative Rods, p 858-880. In Versalovic J, Carroll K, Funke G, Jorgensen J, Landry M, Warnock D (ed), Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 10th Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816728.ch51

Key Concept Ranking

Gram-Negative Bacilli: 0.6875306
Gram-Negative Cocci: 0.6855549
Gram-Negative Coccobacilli: 0.6855549
Gram-Negative Bacteria: 0.61270195
Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis: 0.45286003
16s rRNA Sequencing: 0.4394619

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Tables

Bacteroides, Porphyromonas, Prevotella, Fusobacterium, and Other Anaerobic Gram-Negative Rods

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/content/10.1128/9781555816728.chap51.tab51-1

TABLE 1

Recently classified or reclassified genera and species (from 2006 onwards) within non-spore-forming anaerobic gram-negative rods isolated from humans

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TABLE 1

Recently classified or reclassified genera and species (from 2006 onwards) within non-spore-forming anaerobic gram-negative rods isolated from humans

/content/10.1128/9781555816728.chap51.tab51-2

TABLE 2a

Characteristics of genera representing gram-negative anaerobic rods isolated from clinical specimens a

a Symbols: +, positive; –, negative; v, variable reaction.

b Bacteroides sensu stricto.

c A. putredinis is asaccharolytic.

d Susceptibility pattern of O. laneus not reported.

e P. catoniae is nonpigmented, is resistant to vancomycin, and does not produce butyric acid. P. bennonis produces succinic acid but neither butyric nor propionic acids.

f Some strains can grow in a microaerobic atmosphere in subsequent cultures.

g D. piger is nonmotile.

h Pigmentation on blood agar varies from tan to black. In some cases, it may take up to 2 weeks. Rabbit laked blood agar enhances pigment production.

i Special-potency antimicrobial identification disks. Symbols: R, resistant; S, susceptible; v, variable reaction. A zone size of ≥10 mm in diameter is considered susceptible.

j Symbols: A, acetic acid; B, butyric acid; IV, isovaleric acid; P, propionic acid; PA, phenylacetic acid; S, succinic acid.

10.1128/9781555816728/tab51-2a_thmb.gif

10.1128/9781555816728/tab51-2a.gif

TABLE 2a

Characteristics of genera representing gram-negative anaerobic rods isolated from clinical specimens a

a Symbols: +, positive; –, negative; v, variable reaction.

b Bacteroides sensu stricto.

c A. putredinis is asaccharolytic.

d Susceptibility pattern of O. laneus not reported.

e P. catoniae is nonpigmented, is resistant to vancomycin, and does not produce butyric acid. P. bennonis produces succinic acid but neither butyric nor propionic acids.

f Some strains can grow in a microaerobic atmosphere in subsequent cultures.

g D. piger is nonmotile.

h Pigmentation on blood agar varies from tan to black. In some cases, it may take up to 2 weeks. Rabbit laked blood agar enhances pigment production.

i Special-potency antimicrobial identification disks. Symbols: R, resistant; S, susceptible; v, variable reaction. A zone size of ≥10 mm in diameter is considered susceptible.

j Symbols: A, acetic acid; B, butyric acid; IV, isovaleric acid; P, propionic acid; PA, phenylacetic acid; S, succinic acid.

/content/10.1128/9781555816728.chap51.tab51-2b

TABLE 2b

Characteristics of genera representing gram-negative anaerobic rods isolated from clinical specimens a

a Symbols: +, positive; –, negative; v, variable reaction.

b Bacteroides sensu stricto.

c A. putredinis is asaccharolytic.

d Susceptibility pattern of O. laneus not reported.

e P. catoniae is nonpigmented, is resistant to vancomycin, and does not produce butyric acid. P. bennonis produces succinic acid but neither butyric nor propionic acids.

f Some strains can grow in a microaerobic atmosphere in subsequent cultures.

g D. piger is nonmotile.

h Pigmentation on blood agar varies from tan to black. In some cases, it may take up to 2 weeks. Rabbit laked blood agar enhances pigment production.

i Special-potency antimicrobial identification disks. Symbols: R, resistant; S, susceptible; v, variable reaction. A zone size of ≥10 mm in diameter is considered susceptible.

j Symbols: A, acetic acid; B, butyric acid; IV, isovaleric acid; P, propionic acid; PA, phenylacetic acid; S, succinic acid.

10.1128/9781555816728/tab51-2b_thmb.gif

10.1128/9781555816728/tab51-2b.gif

TABLE 2b

Characteristics of genera representing gram-negative anaerobic rods isolated from clinical specimens a

a Symbols: +, positive; –, negative; v, variable reaction.

b Bacteroides sensu stricto.

c A. putredinis is asaccharolytic.

d Susceptibility pattern of O. laneus not reported.

e P. catoniae is nonpigmented, is resistant to vancomycin, and does not produce butyric acid. P. bennonis produces succinic acid but neither butyric nor propionic acids.

f Some strains can grow in a microaerobic atmosphere in subsequent cultures.

g D. piger is nonmotile.

h Pigmentation on blood agar varies from tan to black. In some cases, it may take up to 2 weeks. Rabbit laked blood agar enhances pigment production.

i Special-potency antimicrobial identification disks. Symbols: R, resistant; S, susceptible; v, variable reaction. A zone size of ≥10 mm in diameter is considered susceptible.

j Symbols: A, acetic acid; B, butyric acid; IV, isovaleric acid; P, propionic acid; PA, phenylacetic acid; S, succinic acid.

/content/10.1128/9781555816728.chap51.tab51-3

TABLE 3

Common genera of anaerobic gram-negative rods detected in human infections

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TABLE 3

Common genera of anaerobic gram-negative rods detected in human infections

/content/10.1128/9781555816728.chap51.tab51-4

TABLE 4

Identification scheme for the B. fragilis group, Parabacteroides, and Odoribacter organisms isolated from humans a

a Data were compiled from references 8 to 10, 28, 76, 89, 96, 136, 161, 168, 171, 188 to 190, and 210. Symbols: +, positive; –, negative; v, variable; w, weak reaction; ND, no data.

b α-Fuc, α-fucosidase.

c Results are based on testing of a single strain.

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TABLE 4

Identification scheme for the B. fragilis group, Parabacteroides, and Odoribacter organisms isolated from humans a

a Data were compiled from references 8 to 10, 28, 76, 89, 96, 136, 161, 168, 171, 188 to 190, and 210. Symbols: +, positive; –, negative; v, variable; w, weak reaction; ND, no data.

b α-Fuc, α-fucosidase.

c Results are based on testing of a single strain.

/content/10.1128/9781555816728.chap51.tab51-5

TABLE 5

Some phenotypic characteristics of Porphyromonas species of human or animal origin a

a Data were compiled from references 56, 89, 195, and 196. Symbols: +, positive; –, negative; v, variable; w, weak reaction.

b α-Fuc, α-fucosidase; β-NAG, N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase.

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10.1128/9781555816728/tab51-5.gif

TABLE 5

Some phenotypic characteristics of Porphyromonas species of human or animal origin a

a Data were compiled from references 56, 89, 195, and 196. Symbols: +, positive; –, negative; v, variable; w, weak reaction.

b α-Fuc, α-fucosidase; β-NAG, N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase.

/content/10.1128/9781555816728.chap51.tab51-6

TABLE 6

Biochemical identification scheme for Prevotella species a

a Data were compiled from references 2 , 12 , 42 to 45 , 47 , 60 , 75 , 89 , 109 , and 170 . Symbols: +, positive; –, negative; v, variable; w, weak reaction; ND, no data.

b Ind, indole; Lip, lipase; α-Fuc, α-fucosidase; β-NAG, N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase.

c Gel, gelatin; Esc, esculin.

d Results shown are based on testing of a single strain.

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10.1128/9781555816728/tab51-6.gif

TABLE 6

Biochemical identification scheme for Prevotella species a

a Data were compiled from references 2 , 12 , 42 to 45 , 47 , 60 , 75 , 89 , 109 , and 170 . Symbols: +, positive; –, negative; v, variable; w, weak reaction; ND, no data.

b Ind, indole; Lip, lipase; α-Fuc, α-fucosidase; β-NAG, N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase.

c Gel, gelatin; Esc, esculin.

d Results shown are based on testing of a single strain.

/content/10.1128/9781555816728.chap51.tab51-7

TABLE 7

Some phenotypic characteristics of Fusobacterium species a

a Data were compiled from references 31, 87, and 89. Symbols: +, positive; –, negative; v, variable reaction.

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10.1128/9781555816728/tab51-7.gif

TABLE 7

Some phenotypic characteristics of Fusobacterium species a

a Data were compiled from references 31, 87, and 89. Symbols: +, positive; –, negative; v, variable reaction.

/content/10.1128/9781555816728.chap51.tab51-8

TABLE 8

Some phenotypic characteristics of Leptotrichia species and Sneathia sanguinegens a

a Data were compiled from references 34 , 50 , 180 , and 201 . Symbols: +, positive reaction; –, negative reaction; ND, no data.

b α-Gal, α-galactosidase; β-Gal, b-galactosidase; α-Glu, α-glucosidase; β-Glu, β-glucosidase; β-NAG, N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase; PAL, alkaline phosphatase.

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TABLE 8

Some phenotypic characteristics of Leptotrichia species and Sneathia sanguinegens a

a Data were compiled from references 34 , 50 , 180 , and 201 . Symbols: +, positive reaction; –, negative reaction; ND, no data.

b α-Gal, α-galactosidase; β-Gal, b-galactosidase; α-Glu, α-glucosidase; β-Glu, β-glucosidase; β-NAG, N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase; PAL, alkaline phosphatase.

/content/10.1128/9781555816728.chap51.tab51-9

TABLE 9

Biochemical identification of motile gram-negative anaerobic rods a

a Data were compiled from references 4 , 119 , 121 , 126 , and 209 . Symbols: +, positive; –, negative; v, variable; w, weak reaction; ND, no data.

b Cat, catalase; Ind, indole; α-Glu, α-glucosidase; α-Gal, α-galactosidase; β-Gal, β-galactosidase; α-Fuc, α-fucosidase; β-NAG, N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase.

c Glu, glucose; Man, mannose; Sor, sorbitol; Tre, trehalose; Raf, raffinose; Suc, sucrose. “-” for Desulfovibrio and Phocaeicola species indicates that the species is asaccharolytic.

d Nonmotile.

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TABLE 9

Biochemical identification of motile gram-negative anaerobic rods a

a Data were compiled from references 4 , 119 , 121 , 126 , and 209 . Symbols: +, positive; –, negative; v, variable; w, weak reaction; ND, no data.

b Cat, catalase; Ind, indole; α-Glu, α-glucosidase; α-Gal, α-galactosidase; β-Gal, β-galactosidase; α-Fuc, α-fucosidase; β-NAG, N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase.

c Glu, glucose; Man, mannose; Sor, sorbitol; Tre, trehalose; Raf, raffinose; Suc, sucrose. “-” for Desulfovibrio and Phocaeicola species indicates that the species is asaccharolytic.

d Nonmotile.

/content/10.1128/9781555816728.chap51.tab51-10

TABLE 10

Antimicrobial activities of antimicrobial agents against common gram-negative anaerobes a

a Data were compiled from references 61 , 86 , 115 , 145 , 162 , and 185 . ND, no data.

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TABLE 10

Antimicrobial activities of antimicrobial agents against common gram-negative anaerobes a

a Data were compiled from references 61 , 86 , 115 , 145 , 162 , and 185 . ND, no data.