Chlamydiaceae*

Charlotte Gaydos; Andreas Essig

doi:10.1128/9781555816728.ch60

Chapter 60 : Chlamydiaceae *

Authors: Charlotte Gaydos, Andreas Essig

Content Type: Reference

Publication Year: 2011

Category: Clinical Microbiology

Book DOI: 10.1128/9781555816728

Chapter DOI: 10.1128/9781555816728.ch60

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Abstract:

The Chlamydiaceae contain the known human pathogens Chlamydia trachomatis, Chlamydia pneumoniae, and Chlamydia psittaci as well as organisms such as C. abortus and C. felis that have been associated only rarely with human infections. An overview about ranges of sensitivity and specificity for common diagnostic tests for C. trachomatis in urogenital specimens is provided in this chapter. Problems associated with cell culture isolation of chlamydiae, including technical complexity and long turnaround time, and stringent requirements related to collection, transport, and storage of specimens have driven the development of commercially available nonculture methods that have found widespread application in many routine laboratories. The basic procedure for detection of isolated chlamydiae involves demonstration of intracytoplasmic inclusions by fluorescent-antibody staining that provides both morphological and immunological identification of chlamydiae. Serologic testing may be helpful in the diagnosis of human ornithosis, LGV, neonatal pneumonia caused by C. trachomatis, and respiratory C. pneumoniae infections. The most commonly used serological assay formats include the complement fixation (CF) test, the MIF test, and the EIA to detect immunoglobulin M (IgM), IgA, IgG, or total classes of antibodies, with either family, species, or serotype specificity. Evaluation of antimicrobial resistance and potential clinical treatment failure in chlamydial infection is hampered by the lack of standardized antimicrobial susceptibility tests and the fact that in vitro resistance does not correlate with the patient’s clinical outcome.

Citation: Gaydos C, Essig A. 2011. Chlamydiaceae * , p 986-1000. In Versalovic J, Carroll K, Funke G, Jorgensen J, Landry M, Warnock D (ed), Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 10th Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816728.ch60

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Chlamydiaceae*

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FIGURE 1

Identification of C. trachomatis by staining intracytoplasmic inclusions with iodine (A) and an FITC-conjugated monoclonal antibody directed at the MOMP (B). Transmission electron microscopy of a C. pneumoniae-infected cell shows an intracytoplasmic inclusion impressing the cell nucleus (C) and filled with EBs and RBs (D) at 60 h postinfection; the arrowhead shows a dividing RB. Identification of culture-grown C. pneumoniae by fluorescence in situ hybridization using rRNA targeted oligonucleotide probes (E). Simultaneous use of a Cy5-labeled probe that targets a chlamydial 16S rRNA sequence common to all members of the Chlamydiaceae (blue) and a Cy3-labeled probe specific for C. pneumoniae (red). Due to the overlap of colors, C. pneumoniae appears purple in the composite image; host cells are counterstained by a 5( 6 )-carboxyfluorescein-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (FLUOS)-labeled eukaryotic probe (green). IgG-MIF image (magnification, ×400) showing bright homogeneous fluorescence of C. pneumoniae EBs at a serum dilution of 1:512 (F). (Photographs courtesy of Sonja Maier, Sven Poppert, and Ulrike Simnacher, Department of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Ulm; and Matthias Horn, Division of Microbial Ecology, University of Vienna.)

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FIGURE 1

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Tables

Chlamydiaceae*

/content/10.1128/9781555816728.chap60.tab60-1

Table 1

Ranges of sensitivity and specificity for diagnostic tests for C. trachomatis in urogenital specimens a

a Sensitivities and specificities are adapted from clinical trial data and are published in package inserts.

10.1128/9781555816728/tab60-1_thmb.gif

10.1128/9781555816728/tab60-1.gif

Table 1

Ranges of sensitivity and specificity for diagnostic tests for C. trachomatis in urogenital specimens a

a Sensitivities and specificities are adapted from clinical trial data and are published in package inserts.