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Chapter 91 : Rabies Virus

Authors: Lillian A. Orciari, Charles E. Rupprecht
Content Type: Reference
Publication Year: 2011

Category: Clinical Microbiology

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Abstract:

The etiologic agents responsible for the acute, progressive viral encephalomyelitis known as rabies belong to the genus . The virions are rod shaped, approximately 180 by 75 nm, consisting of five structural proteins: the glycoprotein (G), matrix protein (M), nucleoprotein (N), phosphoprotein (P), and large polymerase (L). Human rabies cases due to nonbite exposures are extremely rare. Nonbite exposures include contamination of scratches, open wounds, and mucous membranes with a source of rabies virus, such as infected saliva or central nervous system (CNS) tissues from a rabid animal. Four antemortem clinical samples are required for diagnosing rabies: saliva for nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and/or virus isolation, nuchal skin biopsy for antigen detection and nested RT-PCR, and serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG antibody determination. The standard test for rabies virus antigen detection in CNS tissues is the direct fluorescent-antibody (DFA) test. The direct rapid immunohistochemistry (IHC) test (DRIT) is an alternate procedure for rabies virus antigen detection. An immunohistochemistry test for rabies virus antigen detection is an alternative protocol for formalin- fixed tissue samples which have been processed, embedded in paraffin, and sectioned. Isolation methods are useful in detecting infectious virus in samples and may be applied as an alternate confirmatory test to the standard DFA. Cell cultures may be useful in the propagation, amplification, and quantification of virus and antibodies, to produce vaccines, to determine the safety of vaccine lots, and to study the pathogenesis of rabies virus in particular cells.

Citation: Orciari L, Rupprecht C. 2011. Rabies Virus, p 1470-1478. In Versalovic J, Carroll K, Funke G, Jorgensen J, Landry M, Warnock D (ed), Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 10th Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816728.ch91

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Rabies Virus
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Citation: Orciari L, Rupprecht C. 2011. Rabies Virus, p 1470-1478. In Versalovic J, Carroll K, Funke G, Jorgensen J, Landry M, Warnock D (ed), Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 10th Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816728.ch91
/content/10.1128/9781555816728.chap91.fig91-1
FIGURE 1

Diagram of lyssavirus morphology and structural proteins.

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Image of FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1

Diagram of lyssavirus morphology and structural proteins.

Citation: Orciari L, Rupprecht C. 2011. Rabies Virus, p 1470-1478. In Versalovic J, Carroll K, Funke G, Jorgensen J, Landry M, Warnock D (ed), Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 10th Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816728.ch91
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FIGURE 2

(Left) Dorsal view of a dog brain with the cerebellum (vermis and right and left lobes) labeled. (Middle) Lateral view of the cerebellum and brain stem. A cross section of the tissues demonstrated by the dotted line includes the tissues required by the standard DFA for rabies diagnosis (cross section of brain stem and right, left, and vermis of the cerebellum). (Right) View of cross section of brain stem and cerebellum. Tissue characteristics are demonstrated for orientation during dissection.

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10.1128/9781555816728/fig91-2.gif
Image of FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2

(Left) Dorsal view of a dog brain with the cerebellum (vermis and right and left lobes) labeled. (Middle) Lateral view of the cerebellum and brain stem. A cross section of the tissues demonstrated by the dotted line includes the tissues required by the standard DFA for rabies diagnosis (cross section of brain stem and right, left, and vermis of the cerebellum). (Right) View of cross section of brain stem and cerebellum. Tissue characteristics are demonstrated for orientation during dissection.

Citation: Orciari L, Rupprecht C. 2011. Rabies Virus, p 1470-1478. In Versalovic J, Carroll K, Funke G, Jorgensen J, Landry M, Warnock D (ed), Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 10th Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816728.ch91
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FIGURE 3

Comparison of nonspecific histologic staining and antigen detection methods.

10.1128/9781555816728/fig91-3_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816728/fig91-3.gif
Image of FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3

Comparison of nonspecific histologic staining and antigen detection methods.

Citation: Orciari L, Rupprecht C. 2011. Rabies Virus, p 1470-1478. In Versalovic J, Carroll K, Funke G, Jorgensen J, Landry M, Warnock D (ed), Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 10th Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816728.ch91
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References

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27. Whitfield, S. G.,, M. Fekadu,, J. H. Shaddock,, M. Niezgoda,, C. K. Warner,, S. L. Messenger, and Rabies Working Group. 2001. A comparative study of the fluorescent antibody test for rabies diagnosis in fresh and formalin-fixed brain tissue specimens. J. Virol. Methods 95: 145– 151.
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Tables

Rabies Virus
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Citation: Orciari L, Rupprecht C. 2011. Rabies Virus, p 1470-1478. In Versalovic J, Carroll K, Funke G, Jorgensen J, Landry M, Warnock D (ed), Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 10th Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816728.ch91
/content/10.1128/9781555816728.chap91.tab91-1
TABLE 1

Routine tests for rabies diagnosis

H&E, hematoxylin and eosin; PH, public health; USDA, U.S. Department of Agriculture; MI, mouse inoculation; MNI, mouse neutralization.

10.1128/9781555816728/tab91-1_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816728/tab91-1.gif
Generic image for table
TABLE 1

Routine tests for rabies diagnosis

H&E, hematoxylin and eosin; PH, public health; USDA, U.S. Department of Agriculture; MI, mouse inoculation; MNI, mouse neutralization.

Citation: Orciari L, Rupprecht C. 2011. Rabies Virus, p 1470-1478. In Versalovic J, Carroll K, Funke G, Jorgensen J, Landry M, Warnock D (ed), Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 10th Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816728.ch91

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