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Chapter 6 : Human T-Lymphotropic Virus 1: Clinical Aspects of a Neglected Infection among Indigenous Populations

Authors: L. J. Einsiedel1, K. Verdonck2, E. Gotuzzo3
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Affiliations: 1: Northern Territory Rural Clinical School, Flinders University, Bedford Park 5042, Adelaide, Australia; 2: Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru, and Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; 3: Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
Content Type: Monograph
Publication Year: 2010

Category: Clinical Microbiology; Bacterial Pathogenesis

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Human T-Lymphotropic Virus 1: Clinical Aspects of a Neglected Infection among Indigenous Populations, Page 1 of 2

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Abstract:

This chapter discusses the clinical manifestations of human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) in two neglected indigenous populations: the Aboriginal people of central Australia and the Quechua Amerindians of the southern Andes in Peru. The vast majority of the 10 million to 20 million HTLV-1-infected people worldwide, therefore, live in the developing world, and even there, infection is associated with lower socioeconomic status. Among indigenous people in Peru, prolonged breast-feeding is also probably the most important route of transmission. The remainder of the chapter focuses on HTLV-1-associated conditions that might be relevant to resource-poor areas. The major clinical manifestations of HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (HAM)/tropical spastic paraparesis (TSP) are spastic weakness of the lower limbs, urinary and sexual dysfunction, constipation, and back pain. Although a brief report from Papua New Guinea also failed to find an association between HTLV-1 and tuberculosis, a study performed in Port Moresby, included no control group, and did not report background prevalence rates. Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) is an aggressive malignancy of HTLV-1-infected CD4 lymphocytes. Clinical characteristics include lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, skin lesions, hypercalcemia, lytic bone lesions, and presentation with opportunistic infections, including pneumonia. Monoclonal integration of HTLV-1 has been found in as many as 39% of -infected HTLV-1-seropositive patients, and two patients in this study subsequently developed ATL. Conversely, case reports suggest that treating reduces the number of clones and Tax mRNA transcription and may lead to remission of chronic ATL in some patients.

Citation: Einsiedel L, Verdonck K, Gotuzzo E. 2010. Human T-Lymphotropic Virus 1: Clinical Aspects of a Neglected Infection among Indigenous Populations, p 109-127. In Scheld W, Grayson M, Hughes J (ed), Emerging Infections 9. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816803.ch6
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