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Category: Applied and Industrial Microbiology
Bioprocess Development, Page 1 of 2
< Previous page | Next page > /docserver/preview/fulltext/10.1128/9781555816827/9781555815127_Chap38-1.gif /docserver/preview/fulltext/10.1128/9781555816827/9781555815127_Chap38-2.gifAbstract:
Within bioprocesses, organic compounds are converted by either isolated enzymes or whole-cell biocatalysts. Biotransformations can be differentiated into enzymatic and metabolic bioconversions. A bioprocess is based on a biological catalyst that is used to conduct a chemical reaction leading to a defined product. In the early times of bioprocess engineering, water was used principally for the reaction medium, because it was assumed that a higher stability and activity can be reached in the natural medium of enzymes. Metabolic bioconversions need the metabolic system of living and growing microorganisms, e.g., bacteria, yeasts, or fungi. A goal of systems biology is predictive metabolic engineering, where genes within metabolic pathways are purposefully amplified or deleted based on the consideration of the metabolic network as an entirety. Microreaction technology is an interdisciplinary field combining natural science and engineering. Bioprocess engineering must focus on downstream processing in addition to the reaction progress. Starting at the reaction itself, a selective synthesis circumvents complicated downstream processing. The enzymatic synthesis of fatty acid ester-based care specialties is a prime example of a modern, innovative, and sustainable technology. Effective reactions are characterized by the use of a minimum of reactants but high product amounts. Biocatalytic processes are especially useful to achieve this goal of high atom efficiency. In all bioprocesses, cyclization, retention, and separation of catalyst and product are arbitrative parameters to implement an economically successful bioprocess.
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Terms of sustainable development.
Rational process design.
Specific activity of immobilized wild-type benzoyl formate decarboxylase at different temperatures ( 22 ).
Schematic illustration of concentration profiles versus time and space for the different ideal reactor types.
The general steps in bioprocess modeling.
Comparison of pilot plant and miniplant: costs for process development versus time ( 11 ).
Comparison of different membrane process setups.
Polarization of concentration at a membrane: c, concentration profile; p, pressure profile; w, flow profile; M, membrane; C, cover layer; B, boundary layer; CF, core flow; J, permeate flow; y, membrane distance ( 57 ).
The enzyme-bimembrane reactor for the synthesis of 1-phenyl-2-propanol consists of STR, ultrafiltration module, extraction module, and distillation column.
Synthesis of α-cyclodextrin by selective adsorption applying a batch process. Here, a sequence of STR, heat exchanger modules, and adsorption step is used.
Processes within the catalytic reaction at porous carriers.
Internal and external modes of ISPR operation with direct and indirect catalyst contact. In the internal setup, the reaction media are in contact with a second, product-removing phase that is present in the reactor, whereas in the external setup, the reaction media are in contact via a loop with a product-removing phase in an external unit. Direct and indirect contact can be differentiated in both cases.
Comparison of time requirements (61)
Reaction media for biotransformations