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Chapter 40 : Microalgal Culture as a Feedstock for Bioenergy, Chemicals, and Nutrition
Authors:
Susan T. L. Harrison,
Melinda J. Griffiths,
Nicholas Langley,
Caryn Vengadajellum,
Robert P. Van Hille
Content Type: Reference
Publication Year:
2010
Category: Applied and Industrial Microbiology
Book DOI:
10.1128/9781555816827
Chapter DOI:
10.1128/9781555816827.ch40
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Abstract:
The current product range of algal biomass has been expanded to include fine chemicals and secondary metabolites as products of higher value as well as bioenergy products, the latter typically coupled to wastewater treatment or using carbon credits to offset costs. While commodity products such as protein, algal oil, and bioenergy products remain of great interest, these require improvements in productivities to be economically feasible as independent products. While optimal microalgal culturing systems vary greatly with application, the following characteristics should be considered for culture system design and operation: provision of CO2 and removal of O2, provision of nutrients, temperature, pH control, salinity, light provision, mixing, mass and heat transfer, and hydrodynamics. Natural media use seawater, while artificial seawater recipes attempt to mimic the composition of natural seawater using laboratory chemicals. Many types of photobioreactors are suitable for laboratory culturing of algae. Algae can be grown in bubble columns; however, external or internal loop airlift reactors are more effective as photobioreactors for algal growth owing to the development of defined flow patterns with a concomitant increase in mass and heat transfer. Currently the exploitation of algal biotechnology is in its infancy, with a great range of biodiversity remaining to be explored. Further to this, the significant downstream processing costs incurred require emphasis on both improving product concentration and identifying low-energy unit operations suited to the efficient processing of large volumes of algal suspensions.
Citation:
Harrison S, Griffiths M, Langley N, Vengadajellum C, Van Hille R.
2010.
Microalgal Culture as a Feedstock for Bioenergy, Chemicals, and Nutrition,
p 577-590.
In
Baltz R, Demain A, Davies J, Bull A, Junker B, Katz L, Lynd L, Masurekar P, Reeves C, Zhao H (ed),
Manual of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Third Edition.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816827.ch40
Figures
Microalgal Culture as a Feedstock for Bioenergy, Chemicals, and Nutrition
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Citation:
Harrison S, Griffiths M, Langley N, Vengadajellum C, Van Hille R.
2010.
Microalgal Culture as a Feedstock for Bioenergy, Chemicals, and Nutrition,
p 577-590.
In
Baltz R, Demain A, Davies J, Bull A, Junker B, Katz L, Lynd L, Masurekar P, Reeves C, Zhao H (ed),
Manual of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Third Edition.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816827.ch40
/content/10.1128/9781555816827.ch40.ch40fig01
FIGURE 1
Parameters that can be manipulated in algal culture. (Adapted from reference
25
.)
10.1128/9781555816827/f0581-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816827/f0581-01.gif
FIGURE 1
Parameters that can be manipulated in algal culture. (Adapted from reference 25 .)
Citation:
Harrison S, Griffiths M, Langley N, Vengadajellum C, Van Hille R.
2010.
Microalgal Culture as a Feedstock for Bioenergy, Chemicals, and Nutrition,
p 577-590.
In
Baltz R, Demain A, Davies J, Bull A, Junker B, Katz L, Lynd L, Masurekar P, Reeves C, Zhao H (ed),
Manual of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Third Edition.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816827.ch40
/content/10.1128/9781555816827.ch40.ch40fig02
FIGURE 2
Dependence of photosynthetic rate on light intensity, illustrating limitation and inhibition.
10.1128/9781555816827/f0582-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816827/f0582-01.gif
FIGURE 2
Dependence of photosynthetic rate on light intensity, illustrating limitation and inhibition.
Citation:
Harrison S, Griffiths M, Langley N, Vengadajellum C, Van Hille R.
2010.
Microalgal Culture as a Feedstock for Bioenergy, Chemicals, and Nutrition,
p 577-590.
In
Baltz R, Demain A, Davies J, Bull A, Junker B, Katz L, Lynd L, Masurekar P, Reeves C, Zhao H (ed),
Manual of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Third Edition.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816827.ch40
/content/10.1128/9781555816827.ch40.ch40fig03
FIGURE 3
Average absorbance across the range of visible light wavelengths for five microalgal species (Chlorella, Scenedesmus, Nannochloropsis, Isochrysis, and Phaeodactylum).
10.1128/9781555816827/f0586-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816827/f0586-01.gif
FIGURE 3
Average absorbance across the range of visible light wavelengths for five microalgal species (Chlorella, Scenedesmus, Nannochloropsis, Isochrysis, and Phaeodactylum).
Citation:
Harrison S, Griffiths M, Langley N, Vengadajellum C, Van Hille R.
2010.
Microalgal Culture as a Feedstock for Bioenergy, Chemicals, and Nutrition,
p 577-590.
In
Baltz R, Demain A, Davies J, Bull A, Junker B, Katz L, Lynd L, Masurekar P, Reeves C, Zhao H (ed),
Manual of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Third Edition.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816827.ch40
/content/10.1128/9781555816827.ch40.ch40fig04
FIGURE 4
Correlation between algal oil productivity, biomass productivity, and oil content under nutrient-replete conditions (
23
).
10.1128/9781555816827/f0586-02_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816827/f0586-02.gif
FIGURE 4
Correlation between algal oil productivity, biomass productivity, and oil content under nutrient-replete conditions ( 23 ).
Citation:
Harrison S, Griffiths M, Langley N, Vengadajellum C, Van Hille R.
2010.
Microalgal Culture as a Feedstock for Bioenergy, Chemicals, and Nutrition,
p 577-590.
In
Baltz R, Demain A, Davies J, Bull A, Junker B, Katz L, Lynd L, Masurekar P, Reeves C, Zhao H (ed),
Manual of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Third Edition.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816827.ch40
/content/10.1128/9781555816827.ch40.ch40fig05
FIGURE 5
Simplified metabolic pathway illustrating CO2 fixation and metabolism to biomass and triacylglycerides. TCA, tricarboxylic acid.
10.1128/9781555816827/f0588-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816827/f0588-01.gif
FIGURE 5
Simplified metabolic pathway illustrating CO2 fixation and metabolism to biomass and triacylglycerides. TCA, tricarboxylic acid.
Citation:
Harrison S, Griffiths M, Langley N, Vengadajellum C, Van Hille R.
2010.
Microalgal Culture as a Feedstock for Bioenergy, Chemicals, and Nutrition,
p 577-590.
In
Baltz R, Demain A, Davies J, Bull A, Junker B, Katz L, Lynd L, Masurekar P, Reeves C, Zhao H (ed),
Manual of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Third Edition.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816827.ch40
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Tables
Microalgal Culture as a Feedstock for Bioenergy, Chemicals, and Nutrition
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Citation:
Harrison S, Griffiths M, Langley N, Vengadajellum C, Van Hille R.
2010.
Microalgal Culture as a Feedstock for Bioenergy, Chemicals, and Nutrition,
p 577-590.
In
Baltz R, Demain A, Davies J, Bull A, Junker B, Katz L, Lynd L, Masurekar P, Reeves C, Zhao H (ed),
Manual of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Third Edition.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816827.ch40
/content/10.1128/9781555816827.ch40.ch40tab01
TABLE 1
Examples of currently commercially available algal products
a
TABLE 1
Examples of currently commercially available algal products a
Citation:
Harrison S, Griffiths M, Langley N, Vengadajellum C, Van Hille R.
2010.
Microalgal Culture as a Feedstock for Bioenergy, Chemicals, and Nutrition,
p 577-590.
In
Baltz R, Demain A, Davies J, Bull A, Junker B, Katz L, Lynd L, Masurekar P, Reeves C, Zhao H (ed),
Manual of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Third Edition.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816827.ch40
/content/10.1128/9781555816827.ch40.ch40tab02
TABLE 2
Characteristics of some algal groups relevant to microalgal biotechnology
TABLE 2
Characteristics of some algal groups relevant to microalgal biotechnology
Citation:
Harrison S, Griffiths M, Langley N, Vengadajellum C, Van Hille R.
2010.
Microalgal Culture as a Feedstock for Bioenergy, Chemicals, and Nutrition,
p 577-590.
In
Baltz R, Demain A, Davies J, Bull A, Junker B, Katz L, Lynd L, Masurekar P, Reeves C, Zhao H (ed),
Manual of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Third Edition.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816827.ch40
/content/10.1128/9781555816827.ch40.ch40tab03
TABLE 3
Frequently used general-purpose media for microalgaea
TABLE 3
Frequently used general-purpose media for microalgaea
Citation:
Harrison S, Griffiths M, Langley N, Vengadajellum C, Van Hille R.
2010.
Microalgal Culture as a Feedstock for Bioenergy, Chemicals, and Nutrition,
p 577-590.
In
Baltz R, Demain A, Davies J, Bull A, Junker B, Katz L, Lynd L, Masurekar P, Reeves C, Zhao H (ed),
Manual of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Third Edition.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816827.ch40
/content/10.1128/9781555816827.ch40.ch40tab04
TABLE 4
Comparison of open and closed reactor systems for algal growth
a
TABLE 4
Comparison of open and closed reactor systems for algal growth a
Citation:
Harrison S, Griffiths M, Langley N, Vengadajellum C, Van Hille R.
2010.
Microalgal Culture as a Feedstock for Bioenergy, Chemicals, and Nutrition,
p 577-590.
In
Baltz R, Demain A, Davies J, Bull A, Junker B, Katz L, Lynd L, Masurekar P, Reeves C, Zhao H (ed),
Manual of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Third Edition.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816827.ch40
/content/10.1128/9781555816827.ch40.ch40tab05
TABLE 5
Variation in biomass productivity with photobioreactor systems reported for algal culture
a
TABLE 5
Variation in biomass productivity with photobioreactor systems reported for algal culture a
Citation:
Harrison S, Griffiths M, Langley N, Vengadajellum C, Van Hille R.
2010.
Microalgal Culture as a Feedstock for Bioenergy, Chemicals, and Nutrition,
p 577-590.
In
Baltz R, Demain A, Davies J, Bull A, Junker B, Katz L, Lynd L, Masurekar P, Reeves C, Zhao H (ed),
Manual of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Third Edition.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816827.ch40
/content/10.1128/9781555816827.ch40.ch40tab06
TABLE 6
Typical algal growth rates and example product contents and productivities
a
TABLE 6
Typical algal growth rates and example product contents and productivities a
Citation:
Harrison S, Griffiths M, Langley N, Vengadajellum C, Van Hille R.
2010.
Microalgal Culture as a Feedstock for Bioenergy, Chemicals, and Nutrition,
p 577-590.
In
Baltz R, Demain A, Davies J, Bull A, Junker B, Katz L, Lynd L, Masurekar P, Reeves C, Zhao H (ed),
Manual of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Third Edition.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816827.ch40
/content/10.1128/9781555816827.ch40.ch40tab07
TABLE 7
Typical algal cell size
a
TABLE 7
Typical algal cell size a
Citation:
Harrison S, Griffiths M, Langley N, Vengadajellum C, Van Hille R.
2010.
Microalgal Culture as a Feedstock for Bioenergy, Chemicals, and Nutrition,
p 577-590.
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