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Chapter 18 : Environmental Niches for and

Authors: Thomas G. Mitchell1, Elizabeth Castañeda2, Kirsten Nielsen3, Bodo Wanke4, Marcia S. Lazéra5
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Affiliations: 1: Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710; 2: Emerita Investigator, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, Colombia; 3: Department of Microbiology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; 4: Mycology Laboratory, Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; 5: Mycology Laboratory, Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
Content Type: Monograph
Publication Year: 2011

Category: Clinical Microbiology; Fungi and Fungal Pathogenesis

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Abstract:

This chapter focuses on the environmental habitats of the dominant human-pathogenic species, and , and their varieties and subgroups. The procedures for isolating from any environmental sample are the same as those for . Several researchers have sampled specific sites temporally and spatially. Many have included a variety of telluric, arboreal, aquatic, and aerial niches. was recovered from 62 samples of decayed wood from the hollows of five pink shower trees, two fig trees, and one November shower tree. The majority of patients diagnosed with cryptococcal meningitis in Teresina resided in Piauḭ or the adjacent state of Maranhão. Strains of VNI can readily be isolated from pigeon feces, and they are able to grow and mate on media containing pigeon feces. As cited in the chapter, the rare environmental strains of VNII have included isolations from pigeon and arboreal habitats, but their numbers have been too low to define the ecological niche of this molecular type. is rarely isolated from pigeon feces but is associated with various tree species in Australia, Asia, North America, and South America. These different environmental niches have led to the hypothesis that is ubiquitous in the environment due to dissemination by pigeons following migratory and trade routes and that is restricted to tropical and subtropical regions because it is not associated with pigeons.

Citation: Mitchell T, Castañeda E, Nielsen K, Wanke B, Lazéra M. 2011. Environmental Niches for and , p 237-259. In Heitman J, Kozel T, Kwon-Chung K, Perfect J, Casadevall A (ed), . ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816858.ch18
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Environmental Niches for Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii
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Citation: Mitchell T, Castañeda E, Nielsen K, Wanke B, Lazéra M. 2011. Environmental Niches for and , p 237-259. In Heitman J, Kozel T, Kwon-Chung K, Perfect J, Casadevall A (ed), . ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816858.ch18
/content/10.1128/9781555816858.ch18.ch18fig01
FIGURE 1
Crucial importance of the environmental source of in the natural history of cryptococcosis.
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10.1128/9781555816858/f0238-01.gif
Image of FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1

Crucial importance of the environmental source of in the natural history of cryptococcosis.

Citation: Mitchell T, Castañeda E, Nielsen K, Wanke B, Lazéra M. 2011. Environmental Niches for and , p 237-259. In Heitman J, Kozel T, Kwon-Chung K, Perfect J, Casadevall A (ed), . ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816858.ch18
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FIGURE 2
Schematic presentation of the relationships and nomenclature of and .
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10.1128/9781555816858/f0240-01.gif
Image of FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2

Schematic presentation of the relationships and nomenclature of and .

Citation: Mitchell T, Castañeda E, Nielsen K, Wanke B, Lazéra M. 2011. Environmental Niches for and , p 237-259. In Heitman J, Kozel T, Kwon-Chung K, Perfect J, Casadevall A (ed), . ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816858.ch18
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