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Chapter 37 : Cryptococcosis in Transplant Recipients
Authors:
Nina Singh1,
Barbara D. Alexander2
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Affiliations:
1: VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260;
2: Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
Content Type: Monograph
Publication Year:
2011
Category: Clinical Microbiology; Fungi and Fungal Pathogenesis
Book DOI:
10.1128/9781555816858
Chapter DOI:
10.1128/9781555816858.ch37
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Abstract:
Cryptococcosis is one of the most significant opportunistic fungal infections in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients. Disease presentation and principles of management of cryptococcosis in other hosts are relevant in transplant recipients. This chapter summarizes the current knowledge and topical developments in the epidemiologic characteristics, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management of cryptococcosis in transplant recipients. Cryptococcosis is the third most commonly occurring invasive fungal disease in SOT recipients. Most cryptococcal disease in SOT recipients is due to Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii (serotype A), which has no particular geographic predilection. Calcineurin inhibitors are currently the mainstay of immunosuppression in SOT recipients. Cutaneous cryptococcosis can present as papular, nodular, or ulcerative lesions; cellulitis; or necrotizing fasciitis. While cutaneous lesions largely represent hematogenous dissemination, skin has also been identified as a portal of entry of Cryptococcus and a potential source of subsequent disseminated disease in SOT recipients. Rapid reduction of immunosuppressive therapy in conjunction with initiation of antifungal therapy in SOT recipients may lead to the development of immune reconstitution syndrome (IRS), the clinical manifestations of which mimic worsening disease due to cryptococcosis. Cryptococcosis occurs rarely in hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients. Lipid formulations of amphotericin B are recommended in lieu of amphotericin B deoxycholate owing to the risk of nephrotoxicity when concurrently administered with a calcineurin inhibitor and owing to the significant number of transplant patients with underlying renal dysfunction at the time of diagnosis. Reduction in immunosuppressive therapy should be considered in transplant recipients diagnosed with cryptococcosis.
Citation:
Singh N, Alexander B.
2011.
Cryptococcosis in Transplant Recipients,
p 507-514.
In
Heitman J, Kozel T, Kwon-Chung K, Perfect J, Casadevall A (ed),
Cryptococcus.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816858.ch37
Figures
Cryptococcosis in Transplant Recipients
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Citation:
Singh N, Alexander B.
2011.
Cryptococcosis in Transplant Recipients,
p 507-514.
In
Heitman J, Kozel T, Kwon-Chung K, Perfect J, Casadevall A (ed),
Cryptococcus.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816858.ch37
/content/10.1128/9781555816858.ch37.ch37fig01
FIGURE 1
(Top) Immunoblots of paired sera from SOT recipients (with blot on the left of each pair made with sera obtained pretransplant and blot on the right made with sera obtained at the diagnosis of posttransplant cryptococcosis) exhibited an increase in reactivity against nine designated proteins in association with cryptococcosis. (Bottom) The corresponding median number of designated proteins recognized by these paired sera is shown.
10.1128/9781555816858/f0508-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816858/f0508-01.gif
FIGURE 1
(Top) Immunoblots of paired sera from SOT recipients (with blot on the left of each pair made with sera obtained pretransplant and blot on the right made with sera obtained at the diagnosis of posttransplant cryptococcosis) exhibited an increase in reactivity against nine designated proteins in association with cryptococcosis. (Bottom) The corresponding median number of designated proteins recognized by these paired sera is shown.
Citation:
Singh N, Alexander B.
2011.
Cryptococcosis in Transplant Recipients,
p 507-514.
In
Heitman J, Kozel T, Kwon-Chung K, Perfect J, Casadevall A (ed),
Cryptococcus.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816858.ch37
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Tables
Cryptococcosis in Transplant Recipients
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Citation:
Singh N, Alexander B.
2011.
Cryptococcosis in Transplant Recipients,
p 507-514.
In
Heitman J, Kozel T, Kwon-Chung K, Perfect J, Casadevall A (ed),
Cryptococcus.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816858.ch37
/content/10.1128/9781555816858.ch37.ch37table01
TABLE 1
Clinical and laboratory characteristics of SOT recipients with CNS cryptococcosis
a
TABLE 1
Clinical and laboratory characteristics of SOT recipients with CNS cryptococcosis a
Citation:
Singh N, Alexander B.
2011.
Cryptococcosis in Transplant Recipients,
p 507-514.
In
Heitman J, Kozel T, Kwon-Chung K, Perfect J, Casadevall A (ed),
Cryptococcus.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816858.ch37
/content/10.1128/9781555816858.ch37.ch37table02
TABLE 2
Management of cryptococcal disease in SOT recipients
TABLE 2
Management of cryptococcal disease in SOT recipients
Citation:
Singh N, Alexander B.
2011.
Cryptococcosis in Transplant Recipients,
p 507-514.
In
Heitman J, Kozel T, Kwon-Chung K, Perfect J, Casadevall A (ed),
Cryptococcus.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555816858.ch37