Acquired Immunity: Fungal Infections

Luigina Romani

doi:10.1128/9781555816872.ch23

Chapter 23 : Acquired Immunity: Fungal Infections

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Affiliations: 1: Microbiology Section, Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06122 Perugia, Italy

Content Type: Monograph

Publication Year: 2011

Category: Immunology; Clinical Microbiology

Book DOI: 10.1128/9781555816872

Chapter DOI: 10.1128/9781555816872.ch23

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Abstract:

The most common of the human diseases caused by fungi are the opportunistic fungal infections that occur in patients with defective immunity. This chapter attempts to position the new findings on acquired immunity and fungi within the conceptual framework of a two-component antifungal response that includes resistance and tolerance. Resistance and tolerance are two types of host defense mechanisms that increase fitness in response to fungi. The enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and tryptophan metabolites contribute to immune homeostasis by inducing Tregs and taming heightened inflammatory responses. The new entry, the Th17 pathway, playing an inflammatory role previously attributed to uncontrolled Th1 cell reactivity and Tregs and capable of fine-tuning protective antimicrobial immunity in order to minimize harmful immune pathology, have become an integral component of the immune response to fungi. In their capacity to induce Tregs and inhibit Th17, IDO and kynurenines pivotally contribute to cell lineage decision in experimental fungal infections and reveal an unexpected potential in the control of inflammation, allergy, and Th17-driven inflammation in these infections. Serological and skin reactivity surveys indicate the development of acquired cell-mediated immunity (CMI) to fungi. A number of clinical observations suggest an inverse relationship between interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-10 production in patients with fungal infections. The implication for IDO in immunoregulation in fungal infections has several important implications.

Citation: Romani L. 2011. Acquired Immunity: Fungal Infections, p 289-299. In Kaufmann S, Rouse B, Sacks D (ed), The Immune Response to Infection. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816872.ch23

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Effector Th Cells: 0.5642611
Innate Immune System: 0.49329364
Adaptive Immune System: 0.46892446
Tumor Necrosis Factor: 0.46037
Immune Systems: 0.45793417
Immune Receptors: 0.4557243

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Acquired Immunity: Fungal Infections

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FIGURE 1

The pathogenesis of typical fungal infections.

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FIGURE 1

The pathogenesis of typical fungal infections.

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FIGURE 2

Th cell subsets in response to fungi. The figure shows the orchestration of Th/Treg cell subsets differentiation, their transcription factors, cytokine production, and possible effector/regulatory functions in fungal infections. DCs, dendritic cells. See text for details.

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FIGURE 2

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Tables

Acquired Immunity: Fungal Infections

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TABLE 1

Regulatory T cells in fungal infections a

TABLE 1

Regulatory T cells in fungal infections a

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TABLE 2

Prospectives on anti-inflammatory strategies in fungal diseases a

TABLE 2

Prospectives on anti-inflammatory strategies in fungal diseases a