1887

Chapter 26 : Pathology and Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infections

Authors: Warwick J. Britton1, Bernadette M. Saunders2
VIEW AFFILIATIONS HIDE AFFILIATIONS
Affiliations: 1: Centenary Institute, Locked Bag No 6, Newtown, 2042; and Discipline of Medicine, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney (D06), Sydney, 2006, NSW, Australia; 2: Centenary Institute, Locked Bag No 6, Newtown, 2042; and Discipline of Medicine, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney (D06), Sydney, 2006, NSW, Australia
Content Type: Monograph
Publication Year: 2011

Category: Immunology; Clinical Microbiology

MyBook is a cheap paperback edition of the original book and will be sold at uniform, low price.

Preview this chapter:
Preview Magnify
Zoom in
Zoomout

Pathology and Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infections, Page 1 of 2

| /docserver/preview/fulltext/10.1128/9781555816872/9781555815141_Chap26-1.gif /docserver/preview/fulltext/10.1128/9781555816872/9781555815141_Chap26-2.gif

Abstract:

Bacterial pathogens induce potent innate and adaptive immune responses, which, in the majority of situations, are able to eradicate an infection. Extracellular and intracellular bacterial pathogens induce different types of immune responses and have varying strategies for evading the host immune responses. This chapter on pathology and pathogenesis of bacterial infections summarizes the different types and mechanisms of pathology caused by bacteria once they cross mucosal or cutaneous barriers, and either multiply in extracellular spaces or take up residence within host cells. It illustrates how different types of immune responses can cause a variety of pathological damage to the host. The complement system is composed of over 20 different proteins and can be activated directly by extracellular bacteria in multiple ways. The interactions of chemokines and their receptors are critical for the recruitment of neutrophils and monocytes and the inflammatory response to infection. is the most important chronic bacterial infection in humans, and is responsible for 9 million cases of TB and 1.9 million deaths annually. Extensive studies have identified the surface M protein as the major GAS protein, which stimulates cross-reactive T-cell response.

Citation: Britton W, Saunders B. 2011. Pathology and Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infections, p 327-336. In Kaufmann S, Rouse B, Sacks D (ed), The Immune Response to Infection. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816872.ch26

Key Concept Ranking

Infection and Immunity
0.6187376
Innate Immune System
0.57958746
Complement System
0.5502656
Toxic Shock Syndrome
0.46296063
Tumor Necrosis Factor
0.46296063
Toxic Shock Syndrome
0.46296063
0.6187376
Highlighted Text: Show | Hide
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

/content/book/10.1128/9781555816872.ch26
1. Abel, L., and, J. L. Casanova. 2006. Human genetics of infectious diseases: fundamental insights from clinical studies. Semin. Immunol. 18: 327– 9.
2. Batzloff, M. R.,, M. Pandey,, C. Olive, and, M. F. Good. 2006. Advances in potential M-protein peptide-based vaccines for preventing rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease. Immunol. Res. 35: 233– 248.
3. Bean, A. G.,, D. R. Roach,, H. Briscoe,, M. P. France,, H. Korner,, J. D. Sedgwick, and, W. J. Britton. 1999. Structural deficiencies in granuloma formation in TNF gene-targeted mice underlie the heightened susceptibility to aerosol Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, which is not compensated for by lymphotoxin. J. Immunol. 162: 3504– 3511.
4. Behar, S. M., and, W. H. Boom. 2008. Unconventional T cells, p. 157–184. In S. H. E. Kaufmann and, W. J. Britton (ed.), Handbook of Tuberculosis: Immunology and Cell Biology. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany.
5. Britton, W. J., and, D. N. Lockwood. 2004. Leprosy. Lancet 363: 1209– 1219.
6. Britton, W. J., and, J. A. Triccas. 2008. The constituents of the cell envelope and their impact on the host immune system, p. 249–270. In M. Daffe and, R. J (ed.), The Mycobacterial Cell Envelope, ASM Press, Washington.
7. Carapetis, J. R.,, M. McDonald, and, N. J. Wilson. 2005. Acute rheumatic fever. Lancet 366: 155– 168.
8. Charo, I. F., and, R. M. Ransohoff. 2006. The many roles of chemokines and chemokine receptors in inflammation. N. Engl. J. Med. 354: 610– 621.
9. Conlan, J. W. 1997. Critical roles of neutrophils in host defense against experimental systemic infections of mice by Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, and Yersinia enterocolitica. Infect Immun. 65: 630– 635.
10. Cooper, A. M. 2009. Cell-mediated immune responses in tuberculosis. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 27: 393– 422.
11. Cooper, A. M., and, S. A. Khader. 2008. The role of cytokines in the initiation, expansion, and control of cellular immunity to tuberculosis. Immunol. Rev. 226: 191– 204.
12. Cunningham, M. W. 2004. T cell mimicry in inflammatory heart disease. Mol. Immunol. 40: 1121– 1127.
13. Drevets, D. A., and, M. S. Bronze. 2008. Listeria monocytogenes: epidemiology, human disease, and mechanisms of brain invasion. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 53: 151– 165.
14. Dubin, P. J., and, J. K. Kolls. 2008. Th17 cytokines and mucosal immunity. Immunol. Rev. 226: 160– 171.
15. Feng, C. G.,, M. Kaviratne,, A. G. Rothfuchs,, A. Cheever,, S. Hieny,, H. A. Young,, T. A. Wynn, and, A. Sher. 2006. NK cell-derived IFN-gamma differentially regulates innate resistance and neutrophil response in T cell-deficient hosts infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J. Immunol. 177: 7086– 7093.
16. Fernando, S. L.,, B. M. Saunders,, R. Sluyter,, K. K. Skarratt,, H. Goldberg,, G. B. Marks,, J. S. Wiley, and, W. J. Britton. 2007. A polymorphism in the P2X7 gene increases susceptibility to extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 175: 360– 366.
17. Flynn, J. L.,, M. M. Goldstein,, J. Chan,, K. J. Triebold,, K. Pfeffer,, C. J. Lowenstein,, R. Schreiber,, T. W. Mak, and, B. R. Bloom. 1995. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha is required in the protective immune response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in mice. Immunity 2: 561– 572.
18. Fraser, J. D., and, T. Proft. 2008. The bacterial superantigen and superantigen-like proteins. Immunol. Rev. 225: 226– 243.
19. Hagge, D. A.,, B. M. Saunders,, G. J. Ebenezer,, N. A. Ray,, V. T. Marks,, W. J. Britton,, J. L. Krahenbuhl, and, L. B. Adams. 2009. Lymphotoxin-alpha and TNF have essential but independent roles in the evolution of the granulomatous response in experimental leprosy. Am. J. Pathol. 174: 1379– 1389.
20. Helmy, K. Y.,, K. J. Katschke, Jr.,, N. N. Gorgani,, N. M. Kljavin,, J. M. Elliott,, L. Diehl,, S. J. Scales,, N. Ghilardi, and, M. van Lookeren Campagne. 2006. CRIg: a macrophage complement receptor required for phagocytosis of circulating pathogens. Cell 124: 915– 927.
21. Hiemstra, P. S. 2007. The role of epithelial betα-defensins and cathelicidins in host defense of the lung. Exp. Lung Res. 33: 537– 542.
22. Ip, W. K.,, K. Takahashi,, R. A. Ezekowitz, and, L. M. Stuart. 2009. Mannose-binding lectin and innate immunity. Immunol. Rev. 230: 9– 21.
23. Kaida, K.,, T. Ariga, and, R. K. Yu. 2009. Antiganglioside antibodies and their pathophysiological effects on Guillain-Barre syndrome and related disorders—a review. Glycobiology 19: 676– 692.
24. Kang, Y. S.,, Y. Do,, H. K. Lee,, S. H. Park,, C. Cheong,, R. M. Lynch,, J. M. Loeffler,, R. M. Steinman, and, C. G. Park. 2006. A dominant complement fixation pathway for pneumococcal polysaccharides initiated by SIGN-R1 interacting with C1q. Cell 125: 47– 58.
25. Kaplan, G.,, F. A. Post,, A. L. Moreira,, H. Wainwright,, B. N. Kreiswirth,, M. Tanverdi,, B. Mathema,, S. V. Ramaswamy,, G. Walther,, L. M. Steyn,, C. E. Barry, III, and, L. G. Bekker. 2003. Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth at the cavity surface: a microenvironment with failed immunity. Infect. Immun. 71: 7099– 7108.
26. Kolls, J. K.,, P. B. McCray, Jr., and, Y. R. Chan. 2008. Cytokine-mediated regulation of antimicrobial proteins. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 8: 829– 835.
27. Lai, Y., and, R. L. Gallo. 2009. AMPed up immunity: how antimicrobial peptides have multiple roles in immune defense. Trends Immunol. 30: 131– 141.
28. Lammas, D. A.,, C. Stober,, C. J. Harvey,, N. Kendrick,, S. Panchalingam, and, D. S. Kumararatne. 1997. ATP-induced killing of mycobacteria by human macrophages is mediated by purinergic P2Z(P2X7) receptors. Immunity. 7: 433– 444.
29. Lappin, E., and, A. J. Ferguson. 2009. Gram-positive toxic shock syndromes. Lancet Infect. Dis. 9: 281– 290.
30. Liu, P. T.,, S. Stenger,, D. H. Tang, and, R. L. Modlin. 2007. Cutting edge: vitamin D-mediated human antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis is dependent on the induction of cathelicidin. J. Immunol. 179: 2060– 2063.
31. Lu, Y. J.,, J. Gross,, D. Bogaert,, A. Finn,, L. Bagrade,, Q. Zhang,, J. K. Kolls,, A. Srivastava,, A. Lundgren,, S. Forte,, C. M. Thompson,, K. F. Harney,, P. W.,, Anderson,, M. Lipsitch, and, R. Malley. 2008. Interleukin-17A mediates acquired immunity to pneumococcal colonization. PLoS Pathog. 4: e1000159.
32. Maglione, P. J., and, J. Chan. 2008. Killing mechanisms of the host against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, p. 61–90. In S. H. E. Kaufmann and, W. J. Britton (ed.), Handbook of Tuberculosis: Immunology and Cell Biology, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany.
33. Musicki, K.,, H. Briscoe,, S. Tran,, W. J. Britton, and, B. M. Saunders. 2006. Differential requirements for soluble and transmembrane tumor necrosis factor in the immunological control of primary and secondary Listeria monocytogenes infection. Infect. Immun. 74: 3180– 3189.
34. Naicker, S.,, J. Fabian,, S. Naidoo,, S. Wadee,, G. Paget, and, S. Goetsch. 2007. Infection and glomerulonephritis. Semin. Immunopathol. 29: 397– 414.
35. Nimmerjahn, F., and, J. V. Ravetch. 2008. Fcgamma receptors as regulators of immune responses. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 8: 34– 47.
36. Ochoa, M. T.,, S. Stenger,, P. A. Sieling,, S. Thoma-Uszynski,, S. Sabet,, S. Cho,, A. M. Krensky,, M. Rollinghoff,, E. Nunes Sarno,, A. E. Burdick,, T. H. Rea, and, R. L. Modlin. 2001. T-cell release of granulysin contributes to host defense in leprosy. Nat. Med. 7: 174– 179.
37. O’Garra, A., and, W. J. Britton (2008). Cytokines in tuberculosis, p. 185–226. In S. H. E. Kaufmann and, W. J. Britton (ed.). Handbook of Tuberculosis: Immunology and Cell Biology. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany.
38. Orme, I. M. 2003. The mouse as a useful model of tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb). 83: 112– 115.
39. Ottenhoff, T. H. M., D. A. Lewinsohn, and, D. M. Lewinsohn. 2008. Human CD4 + and CD8 + T cell responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis: antigen specificity, function, implications and applications, p. 119–156. In S. H. E. Kaufmann and, W. J. Britton (ed.), Handbook of Tuberculosis: Immunology and Cell Biology, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany.
40. Pedrosa, J.,, B. M. Saunders,, R. Appelberg,, I. M. Orme,, M. T. Silva, and, A. M. Cooper. 2000. Neutrophils play a protective nonphagocytic role in systemic Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection of mice. Infect. Immun. 68: 577– 583.
41. Pichugin, A. V.,, B. S. Yan,, A. Sloutsky,, L. Kobzik, and, I. Kramnik. 2009. Dominant role of the sst1 locus in pathogenesis of necrotizing lung granulomas during chronic tuberculosis infection and reactivation in genetically resistant hosts. Am. J. Pathol. 174: 2190– 2201.
42. Pieters, J. 2008. Manipulation of the macrophage response by pathogenic mycobacteria, p. 91–118. In S. H. E. Kaufmann and, W. J. Britton (ed.), Handbook of Tuberculosis: Immunology and Cell Biology. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany.
43. Roach, D. R.,, A. G. Bean,, C. Demangel,, M. P. France,, H. Briscoe, and, W. J. Britton. 2002. TNF regulates chemokine induction essential for cell recruitment, granuloma formation, and clearance of mycobacterial infection. J. Immunol. 168: 4620– 7.
44. Rodriguez-Iturbe, B., and, S. Batsford. 2007. Pathogenesis of poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis a century after Clemens von Pirquet. Kidney Int. 71: 1094– 1104.
45. Roozendaal, R., and, M. C. Carroll. 2006. Emerging patterns in complement-mediated pathogen recognition. Cell. 125: 29– 32.
46. Saunders, B. M., and, W. J. Britton. 2007. Life and death in the granuloma: immunopathology of tuberculosis. Immunol Cell Biol. 85: 103– 111.
47. Saunders, B. M.,, I. M. Orme, and, R. J. Basaraba. 2008. Immunopathology of tuberculosis, p. 245–278. In S. H. E. Kaufmann and, W. J. Britton (ed.), Handbook of Tuberculosis: Immunology and Cell Biology. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany.
48. Saunders, B. M.,, S. Tran,, S. Ruuls,, J. D. Sedgwick,, H. Briscoe, and, W. J. Britton. 2005. Transmembrane TNF is sufficient to initiate cell migration and granuloma formation and provide acute, but not long-term, control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. J. Immunol. 174: 4852– 4859.
49. Scollard, D. M.,, L. B. Adams,, T. P. Gillis,, J. L. Krahenbuhl,, R. W. Truman, and, D. L. Williams. 2006. The continuing challenges of leprosy. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 19: 338– 381.
50. Serbina, N. V.,, T. Jia,, T. M. Hohl, and, E. G. Pamer. 2008. Monocyte-mediated defense against microbial pathogens. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 26: 421– 52.
51. Seveau, S.,, J. Pizarro-Cerda, and, P. Cossart. 2007. Molecular mechanisms exploited by Listeria monocytogenes during host cell invasion. Microbes Infect. 9: 1167– 1175.
52. Stinear, T. P.,, A. Mve-Obiang,, P. L. Small,, W. Frigui,, M. J. Pryor,, R. Brosch,, G. A. Jenkin,, P. D. Johnson,, J. K. Davies,, R. E. Lee,, S. Adusumilli,, T. Garnier,, S. F. Haydock,, P. F. Leadlay, and, S. T. Cole. 2004. Giant plasmidencoded polyketide synthases produce the macrolide toxin of Mycobacterium ulcerans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101: 1345– 1349.
53. Tarzi, M. D.,, S. Grigoriadou,, S. B. Carr,, L. M. Kuitert, and, H. J. Longhurst. 2009. Clinical immunology review series: an approach to the management of pulmonary disease in primary antibody deficiency. Clin Exp. Immunol. 155: 147– 155.
54. Tsai, M. C.,, S. Chakravarty,, G. Zhu,, J. Xu,, K. Tanaka,, C. Koch,, J. Tufariello,, J. Flynn, and, J. Chan. 2006. Characterization of the tuberculous granuloma in murine and human lungs: cellular composition and relative tissue oxygen tension. Cell Microbiol. 8: 218– 232.
55. van der Poll, T., and, S. M. Opal. 2008. Host-pathogen interactions in sepsis. Lancet Infect. Dis. 8: 32– 43.
56. van Doorn, P. A.,, L. Ruts, and, B. C. Jacobs. 2008. Clinical features, pathogenesis, and treatment of Guillain-Barre syndrome. Lancet Neurol. 7: 939– 50.
57. Wagner, V. E., and, B. H. Iglewski. 2008. P. aeruginosa Biofilms in CF Infection. Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol. 35: 124– 34.
58. Wallis, R. S.,, M. S. Broder,, J. Y. Wong,, M. E. Hanson, and, D. O. Beenhouwer. 2004. Granulomatous infectious diseases associated with tumor necrosis factor antagonists. Clin. Infect. Dis. 38: 1261– 5.
59. Wansbrough-Jones, M., and, R. Phillips. 2006. Buruli ulcer: emerging from obscurity. Lancet. 367: 1849– 1858.
60. Weaver, C. T.,, R. D. Hatton,, P. R. Mangan, and, L. E. Harrington. 2007. IL-17 family cytokines and the expanding diversity of effector T cell lineages. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 25: 821– 52.
61. Wiersinga, W. J., and, T. van der Poll. 2009. Immunity to Burkholderiapseudomallei. Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. 22: 102– 8.
62. Wilkinson, R. J.,, M. Llewelyn,, Z. Toossi,, P. Patel,, G. Pasvol,, A. Lalvani,, D. Wright,, M. Latif, and, R. N. Davidson. 2000. Influence of vitamin D deficiency and vitamin D receptor polymorphisms on tuberculosis among Gujarati Asians in west London: a case-control study. Lancet. 355: 618– 21.
63. Wolf, A. J.,, L. Desvignes,, B. Linas,, N. Banaiee,, T. Tamura,, K. Takatsu, and, J. D. Ernst. 2008. Initiation of the adaptive immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis depends on antigen production in the local lymph node, not the lungs. J. Exp. Med. 205: 105– 115.
64. Wozniak, T. M.,, A. A. Ryan, and, W. J. Britton. 2006. Interleukin-23 restores immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in IL-12p40-deficient mice and is not required for the development of IL-17-secreting T cell responses. J. Immunol. 177: 8684– 8692.

Back to top
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Please check the format of the address you have entered.
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error