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Chapter 7 : How Genomics Has Shaped Our Understanding of the Evolution and Emergence of Pathogenic

Authors: Salvador Almagro-Moreno1, Ronan A. Murphy2, E. Fidelma Boyd3
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Affiliations: 1: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716; 2: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716; 3: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
Content Type: Monograph
Publication Year: 2011

Category: Applied and Industrial Microbiology; Food Microbiology

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Abstract:

The main symptom of cholera, profuse rice water stool, is primarily caused by the action of cholera toxin (CT), a very potent AB-type enterotoxin that consists of five binding B subunits and one active A subunit. Many bacterial pathogens attain or increase their virulence potential through HGT of genetic material carried on mobile and integrative genetic elements (MIGEs) such as plasmids, bacteriophages, pathogenicity islands (PAIs), integrons, and integrative conjugative elements (ICEs). The impact of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) on bacterial evolution--particularly its role in the emergence of many human gastrointestinal pathogens--is unquestionable. This chapter gives a brief overview of the features that differentiate integrative genetic elements such as integrases, transposases, phage structural genes, or plasmid conjugal transfer genes, from one another. In evolutionary terms, while phylogenetic analysis of housekeeping gene groups and strains separately, both species group together based on the gene, which indicates recent HGT between the species. The authors identified 24 regions, gaps in the genome atlas, of greater than 10 kb that were unique to RIMD2210633. 22 members of the family in the genome database were examined, and only 5 species encode neuraminidase: pathogenic isolates, , strain 16, V. shilonii AK1 and sp. strain MED222. The last two are the only strains to encode sialic acid scavenging, synthesis, and catabolism genes.

Citation: Almagro-Moreno S, Murphy R, Boyd E. 2011. How Genomics Has Shaped Our Understanding of the Evolution and Emergence of Pathogenic , p 85-99. In Fratamico P, Liu Y, Kathariou S (ed), Genomes of Foodborne and Waterborne Pathogens. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816902.ch7
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Tables

How Genomics Has Shaped Our Understanding of the Evolution and Emergence of Pathogenic Vibrio cholerae
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Citation: Almagro-Moreno S, Murphy R, Boyd E. 2011. How Genomics Has Shaped Our Understanding of the Evolution and Emergence of Pathogenic , p 85-99. In Fratamico P, Liu Y, Kathariou S (ed), Genomes of Foodborne and Waterborne Pathogens. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816902.ch7
/content/10.1128/9781555816902.ch07.ch07tab01
Table 1
General characteristics of 27 sequenced genomes
Generic image for table
Table 1

General characteristics of 27 sequenced genomes

Citation: Almagro-Moreno S, Murphy R, Boyd E. 2011. How Genomics Has Shaped Our Understanding of the Evolution and Emergence of Pathogenic , p 85-99. In Fratamico P, Liu Y, Kathariou S (ed), Genomes of Foodborne and Waterborne Pathogens. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816902.ch7
/content/10.1128/9781555816902.ch07.ch07tab02
Table 2
In silico and in vitro methods for detection of horizontal gene transfer
Generic image for table
Table 2

In silico and in vitro methods for detection of horizontal gene transfer

Citation: Almagro-Moreno S, Murphy R, Boyd E. 2011. How Genomics Has Shaped Our Understanding of the Evolution and Emergence of Pathogenic , p 85-99. In Fratamico P, Liu Y, Kathariou S (ed), Genomes of Foodborne and Waterborne Pathogens. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816902.ch7
/content/10.1128/9781555816902.ch07.ch07tab03
Table 3
General characteristics of mobile and integrative genetic elements
Generic image for table
Table 3

General characteristics of mobile and integrative genetic elements

Citation: Almagro-Moreno S, Murphy R, Boyd E. 2011. How Genomics Has Shaped Our Understanding of the Evolution and Emergence of Pathogenic , p 85-99. In Fratamico P, Liu Y, Kathariou S (ed), Genomes of Foodborne and Waterborne Pathogens. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816902.ch7
/content/10.1128/9781555816902.ch07.ch07tab04
Table 4
Mobile and integrative genetic elements identified in
Generic image for table
Table 4

Mobile and integrative genetic elements identified in

Citation: Almagro-Moreno S, Murphy R, Boyd E. 2011. How Genomics Has Shaped Our Understanding of the Evolution and Emergence of Pathogenic , p 85-99. In Fratamico P, Liu Y, Kathariou S (ed), Genomes of Foodborne and Waterborne Pathogens. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816902.ch7
/content/10.1128/9781555816902.ch07.ch07tab05
Table 5
Distribution of mobile and integrative genetic elements among different isolates
Generic image for table
Table 5

Distribution of mobile and integrative genetic elements among different isolates

Citation: Almagro-Moreno S, Murphy R, Boyd E. 2011. How Genomics Has Shaped Our Understanding of the Evolution and Emergence of Pathogenic , p 85-99. In Fratamico P, Liu Y, Kathariou S (ed), Genomes of Foodborne and Waterborne Pathogens. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816902.ch7
/content/10.1128/9781555816902.ch07.ch07tab06
Table 6
Genomic analysis of sialic acid metabolism genes among the
Generic image for table
Table 6

Genomic analysis of sialic acid metabolism genes among the

Citation: Almagro-Moreno S, Murphy R, Boyd E. 2011. How Genomics Has Shaped Our Understanding of the Evolution and Emergence of Pathogenic , p 85-99. In Fratamico P, Liu Y, Kathariou S (ed), Genomes of Foodborne and Waterborne Pathogens. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816902.ch7

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