1887

Chapter 17 : Emerging and Reemerging Infections: the Critical Societal Determinants, Their Mitigation, and Our Responsibilities

Author: Donald B. Louria1
VIEW AFFILIATIONS HIDE AFFILIATIONS
Affiliations: 1: Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, University of Medicine and Dentistry, New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, MSB-F506, Newark, NJ 07103-2714
Content Type: Monograph
Publication Year: 1998

Category: Clinical Microbiology

MyBook is a cheap paperback edition of the original book and will be sold at uniform, low price.

Preview this chapter:
Preview Magnify
Zoom in
Zoomout

Emerging and Reemerging Infections: the Critical Societal Determinants, Their Mitigation, and Our Responsibilities, Page 1 of 2

| /docserver/preview/fulltext/10.1128/9781555816940/9781555811211_Chap17-1.gif /docserver/preview/fulltext/10.1128/9781555816940/9781555811211_Chap17-2.gif

Abstract:

There are two fundamental approaches to controlling emerging and reemerging infections. Some are convinced that in future decades, one of the most important emerging and reemerging infections will be caused by genetically changing influenza viruses. The most effective approach to minimizing the incidence and severity of emerging and reemerging infections is amelioration of the societal conditions that provide the milieu in which these infections arise and flourish. Potential effects of world population growth on variables related to emerging and reemerging infections have been provided in this chapter. Since the variables that influence emerging and reemerging infections are also issues that must be addressed if society is to thrive, or even survive, it is imperative that an understanding of these issues be an integral part of the education of every student. Although this discussion is focused on the American educational system, the educational changes suggested for the United States are equally applicable to other countries, both developed and developing. Individuals and their professional societies thus have the opportunity to use the growing concerns about emerging and reemerging infections to influence the body politic to take actions focused on ameliorating the societal conditions associated with such infections; doing so not only will reduce the risks of emerging and reemerging infections but will benefit the entire global community.

Citation: Louria D. 1998. Emerging and Reemerging Infections: the Critical Societal Determinants, Their Mitigation, and Our Responsibilities, p 247-260. In Scheld W, Armstrong D, Hughes J (ed), Emerging Infections 1. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816940.ch17
Highlighted Text: Show | Hide
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

Figures

Emerging and Reemerging Infections: the Critical Societal Determinants, Their Mitigation, and Our Responsibilities
[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/author/10.1128/9781555816940.chap17-1,webId=/content/author/10.1128/9781555816940.chap17-1,properties={foaf_givenname=Donald B., foaf_name=Donald B. Louria, foaf_surname=Louria, pub_isAffiliatedWith=[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/affiliation/10.1128/9781555816940.chap17-aff1]]}]]
Citation: Louria D. 1998. Emerging and Reemerging Infections: the Critical Societal Determinants, Their Mitigation, and Our Responsibilities, p 247-260. In Scheld W, Armstrong D, Hughes J (ed), Emerging Infections 1. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816940.ch17
/content/10.1128/9781555816940.chap17.fig17-1
Figure 1.

Approaches to coping with emerging and reemerging infections.

10.1128/9781555816940/fig17-1_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816940/fig17-1.gif
Image of Figure 1.
Figure 1.

Approaches to coping with emerging and reemerging infections.

Citation: Louria D. 1998. Emerging and Reemerging Infections: the Critical Societal Determinants, Their Mitigation, and Our Responsibilities, p 247-260. In Scheld W, Armstrong D, Hughes J (ed), Emerging Infections 1. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816940.ch17
Permissions and Reprints Request Permissions
Download as Powerpoint
/content/10.1128/9781555816940.chap17.fig17-2
Figure 2.

Progressive urbanization of the planet.

10.1128/9781555816940/fig17-2_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816940/fig17-2.gif
Image of Figure 2.
Figure 2.

Progressive urbanization of the planet.

Citation: Louria D. 1998. Emerging and Reemerging Infections: the Critical Societal Determinants, Their Mitigation, and Our Responsibilities, p 247-260. In Scheld W, Armstrong D, Hughes J (ed), Emerging Infections 1. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816940.ch17
Permissions and Reprints Request Permissions
Download as Powerpoint
/content/10.1128/9781555816940.chap17.fig17-3
Figure 3.

Population aging in different geographic areas.

10.1128/9781555816940/fig17-3_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816940/fig17-3.gif
Image of Figure 3.
Figure 3.

Population aging in different geographic areas.

Citation: Louria D. 1998. Emerging and Reemerging Infections: the Critical Societal Determinants, Their Mitigation, and Our Responsibilities, p 247-260. In Scheld W, Armstrong D, Hughes J (ed), Emerging Infections 1. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816940.ch17
Permissions and Reprints Request Permissions
Download as Powerpoint
/content/10.1128/9781555816940.chap17.fig17-4
Figure 4.

Interrelatedness of major societal determinants.

10.1128/9781555816940/fig17-4_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816940/fig17-4.gif
Image of Figure 4.
Figure 4.

Interrelatedness of major societal determinants.

Citation: Louria D. 1998. Emerging and Reemerging Infections: the Critical Societal Determinants, Their Mitigation, and Our Responsibilities, p 247-260. In Scheld W, Armstrong D, Hughes J (ed), Emerging Infections 1. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816940.ch17
Permissions and Reprints Request Permissions
Download as Powerpoint

References

/content/book/10.1128/9781555816940.chap17
1. American Aging Association. 1991. Age News. vol. 21. American Aging Association Inc., Chester. Pa.
2. Baker, H.,, O. Frank,, I. Thind,, S. P. Jaslow,, and D. B. Louria. 1979. Vitamin profiles in elderly persons living at home or in nursing homes versus profile in healthy young subjects. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 27: 444– 450.
3. Bogden, J. D.,, A. Bendich,, F. W. Kemp,, K. S. Bruening,, J. H. Skumik,, T. Denny,, H. Baker,, and D. B. Louria. 1994. Daily micronutrient supplements enhance delayed-hypersensitivity skin test responses in older people. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 60: 437– 447.
4. Cook, G. C. 1992. Effect of global warming on the distribution of parasitic and other infectious diseases: a review. J. R. Soc. Med. 85: 688– 692.
5. Daynes, R. A.,, and B. A. Araneo. 1992. Prevention and reversal of some age-associated changes in immunologic responses by supplemental dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate therapy. Aging Immunol. Infect. Dis. 3: 135– 154.
6. Duhos, R. 1978. Cited in A. MacLeish, Riders on the Earth, p. 36. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston. Mass.
7. Evans, C. W.,, and L. Meyer. 1992. Chromium picolinate increases longevity. Age 15: 134.
8. Flavin, C.,, and O. Tunali. 1996. Climate of Hope: New Strategies for Stabilizing the World's Atmosphere. Worldwatch Paper 130. Worldwatch Institute, Washington. D.C.
9. FlaYin, C. 1989. Slowing Global Warming: a Worldwide Strategy. Worldwatch Paper 91. Worldwatch Institute, Washington, D.C.
10. Gardner, G.,, and J. Perry,. 1995. Dam starts up, p. 124– 125. In L. Starke (ed.). Vital Signs 1995 . Worldwatch Institute, Washington, D.C.
11. Harman, D. 1995. Role of antioxidant nutrients in aging: overview. Age 18: 51– 62.
12. Heidrick, M. L.,, L. C. Hendricks,, and D. E. Cook. 1984. Effect of dietary 2-mercaptoethanol on the life span. immune system, tumor incidence and lipid peroxidation damage in spleen lymphocytes of aging BC3F, mice. Mech. Ageing Dev. 27: 341– 358.
13. Houghton, J. T.,, L. G. M. Filho,, B. A. Callander,, N. Harris,, A. Kattenberg,, and K. Maskeil. 1996. Climate Change 1995. The Science of Climate Change. Contributions of Working Group 1 to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
14. Hunter, J . M.,, L. Rey,, K. Y. Chu,, E. O. Adekolu-John,, and K. E. Molt. 1993. Parasitic Diseases in Water Resources Development. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
15. John, T. J. 1994. Learning from plague in India. Lancet 344: 972.
16. Khalil, M. A. K. ed.). 1993. Atmospheric Methane: Sources. Sinks and Role in Global Change. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
17. Kuno, G. 1995. Review of the factors modulating dengue transmission. Epidemiol. Rev. 17: 321– 335.
18. Louria, D. B.,, P. Sen,, C. B. Sherer,, and W. E. Farrer. 1993. Infections in older patients: a systematic clinical approach. Geriatrics 48: 28– 34.
19. Lutz, W. 1994. The Future of World Population. Population Bulletin. vol. 49. no. 1. Population Reference Bureau Inc., Washingron, D.C.
20. MacKenzie, W. R.,, N. J. Hoxie,, M. E. Proctor,, M. S. Gradus,, K. A. Blair,, D. E. Peterson,, J. J. Kazmierczak,, D. G. Addiss,, K. R. Fox,, J. B. Rose,, and J. P. Davis. 1994. A massive outbreak in Milwaukee of cryptosporidium infection transmitted through the public water supply. N. Engl. J. Med. 331: 161– 167.
21. MacLeish, A. Riders on the Earth. p. 32. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, Mass.
22. McMichael, A. J.,, A. Haines,, A. Slooff,, and S. Kovats (ed.). 1996. Climate Change and Human Health. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
23. Murasko, D. M.,, P. Weiner,, and D. Kaye. 1988. Association of lack of mitogen induced lymphocyte proliferation with increased mortality in the elderly, Aging Immunol. Infect. Dis. 1: 1– 6.
24. Nagel, J. E.,, R. S. Pyle,, F. J. Chrest,, and W. H. Adler. 1982. Oxidative metabolism and bactericidal capacity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes from normal young and aged adults. J. Gerontol. 37: 529– 534.
25. Orr, W. C.,, and R. S. Sohal. 1994. Extension of life-span by overexpression of superoxide dismutase and catalase in Drosophila melanogaster. Science 263: 1128– 1130.
26. Patz, J. A.,, P. R. Epstein,, T. A. Burke,, and J. M. Balbus. 1996. Global climate change and emerging infectious diseases. JAMA 275: 217– 223.
27. Popadopoulos, N. G.,, P. E. LiaDou,, and J. T. Papavassiliou. 1993. Strain dependent alterations of polymorphonuclear leukocyte phagocytosis and bacterial function in healthy elderly subjects. Aging Immunol. Infect. Dis. 4: 223– 229.
28.Population Division, Department of International Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Secretariat. 1991. Long Range Population Projections. Population Newsletter no. 51. United Nations Secretariat, New York, N. Y.
29.Population Reference Bureau Inc. 1987. Human Needs and Nature's Balance. Population, Resources and the Environment. Population Reference Bureau, Washington, D.C.
30. Puchelle, E.,, J. Zahm,, and A. Bertrand. 1979. Influence of age on bronchial mucociliary transpert. Scand. J. Respir. Dis. 60: 307– 313.
31. Richter, M., and C A. Jodouin. 1991. Immunoglobulin synthesis by the B cells of healthy ambulatory elderly is markedly delayed in culture. Aging Immunol. Infect. Dis. 3: 1– 10.
32. Roberts-Thomson, I. C, S. Whittingham, U. Youngchaiyud, and I. R. Mackay. 1974. Ageing. immune response and mortality. Lancet ii: 368– 370.
33. Rogers, D. J.,, and M. J. Packer. 1993. Vector borne diseases. models and global change. Lancet 342: 1282– 1284.
34. Rose, M. R.,, and T. J. Nusbaum. 1994. Prospects for postponing human aging. FASEB J. 8: 925– 928.
35. Sanchez, A.,, T. G. Ksiazek,, P. E. Rollin,, C. J. Peters,, S. T. Nichol,, A. S. Khan,, and B. W. J. Mahy. 1995. Reemergence of Ebola virus in Africa. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 1: 96– 97.
36. Sen, P.,, J. R. Middleton,, G. Perez,, M. E. Gombert,, J. D. Lee,, and D. B. Louria. 1994. Host defense abnormalities and infections in older persons. Infect. Med. 11: 364– 370.
37. Sivard, R. L. 1993. World Military and Social Expenditures. World Priorities Inc., Washington. D.C.
38. Thoman, M. L.,, and W. O. Weigle. 1985. Reconstitution of in vivo cell-mediated lympholysis responses in aged mice with interleukin 2. J. Immunol. 134: 949– 952.
39. U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1992. An Aging World II. International Population Reports. P-25 92-3. U.S. Government Priming Office, Washington D.C.
40. Wayne, S. J.,, R. L. Rhyne,, P. J. Garry,, and J. S. Goodwin. 1990. Cell-mediated immunity as a predictor of morbidity and mortality in subjects over 60. J. Gerontol. 4S: M45– M48.
41. Weindruch, R.,, and R. L. Walford. 1982. Dietary restriction in mice beginning at 1 year of age: effect on life span and spontaneous cancer incidence. Science 215: 1415– 1418.

Tables

Emerging and Reemerging Infections: the Critical Societal Determinants, Their Mitigation, and Our Responsibilities
[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/author/10.1128/9781555816940.chap17-1,webId=/content/author/10.1128/9781555816940.chap17-1,properties={foaf_givenname=Donald B., foaf_name=Donald B. Louria, foaf_surname=Louria, pub_isAffiliatedWith=[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/affiliation/10.1128/9781555816940.chap17-aff1]]}]]
Citation: Louria D. 1998. Emerging and Reemerging Infections: the Critical Societal Determinants, Their Mitigation, and Our Responsibilities, p 247-260. In Scheld W, Armstrong D, Hughes J (ed), Emerging Infections 1. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816940.ch17
/content/10.1128/9781555816940.chap17.tab17-1
Table 1.

Major societal determinants of emerging and reemerging infections

10.1128/9781555816940/tab17-1_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816940/tab17-1.gif
Generic image for table
Table 1.

Major societal determinants of emerging and reemerging infections

Citation: Louria D. 1998. Emerging and Reemerging Infections: the Critical Societal Determinants, Their Mitigation, and Our Responsibilities, p 247-260. In Scheld W, Armstrong D, Hughes J (ed), Emerging Infections 1. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816940.ch17
/content/10.1128/9781555816940.chap17.tab17-2
Table 2.

Potential effects of world population growth on variables related to emerging and reemerging infections

10.1128/9781555816940/tab17-2_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816940/tab17-2.gif
Generic image for table
Table 2.

Potential effects of world population growth on variables related to emerging and reemerging infections

Citation: Louria D. 1998. Emerging and Reemerging Infections: the Critical Societal Determinants, Their Mitigation, and Our Responsibilities, p 247-260. In Scheld W, Armstrong D, Hughes J (ed), Emerging Infections 1. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816940.ch17
/content/10.1128/9781555816940.chap17.tab17-3
Table 3.

Consequences of dam construction and irrigation projects for incidence and prevalence of emerging and reemerging parasitic infections

10.1128/9781555816940/tab17-3_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816940/tab17-3.gif
Generic image for table
Table 3.

Consequences of dam construction and irrigation projects for incidence and prevalence of emerging and reemerging parasitic infections

Citation: Louria D. 1998. Emerging and Reemerging Infections: the Critical Societal Determinants, Their Mitigation, and Our Responsibilities, p 247-260. In Scheld W, Armstrong D, Hughes J (ed), Emerging Infections 1. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816940.ch17

Back to top
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Please check the format of the address you have entered.
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error