Food-Borne Diseases in the Global Village: What's on the Plate for the 21st Century

David L. Swerdlow; Sean F. Altekruse

doi:10.1128/9781555816957.ch15

15 : Food-Borne Diseases in the Global Village: What's on the Plate for the 21st Century

Authors: David L. Swerdlow¹, Sean F. Altekruse¹

VIEW AFFILIATIONS HIDE AFFILIATIONS

Affiliations: 1: Foodbome and Diarrheal Diseases Branch, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333

Content Type: Monograph

Publication Year: 1998

Category: Clinical Microbiology

Book DOI: 10.1128/9781555816957

Chapter DOI: 10.1128/9781555816957.ch15

MyBook is a cheap paperback edition of the original book and will be sold at uniform, low price.

Preview this chapter:

Food-Borne Diseases in the Global Village: What's on the Plate for the 21st Century, Page 1 of 2

< Previous page | Next page > /docserver/preview/fulltext/10.1128/9781555816957/9781555811419_Chap15-1.gif /docserver/preview/fulltext/10.1128/9781555816957/9781555811419_Chap15-2.gif

Abstract:

At the beginning of 21st century, food-borne diseases were a common cause of illness because of poor sanitation, inadequate refrigeration and canning practices, and because diseased animals were killed under unsanitary conditions. Improvements in hygiene, availability of refrigeration, educational efforts, and industry regulations have improved many of these conditions; however, food-borne diseases remain a major public health problem. This chapter presents examples of new and emerging food-borne pathogens followed by examples of how changes in the food industry and in the population affect the safety of food supply. Approaches that may help to prevent and control emerging food-borne hazards are discussed. Emerging food-borne pathogens include new or newly recognized pathogens such as Campylobacter jejuni, E. coli0157:H7, Vibrio vulnifieus, and Cyclospora eayetanensis; previously recognized pathogens that have emerged because of new modes of transmission such as Salmonella serotype Enteritidis transmitted by shell eggs; pathogens recently recognized to be transmitted by food-borne routes such as L. monoeytogenes; and pathogens that have selectively adapted to environmental conditions such as antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium DTI 04. The public health infrastructure consists of the personnel (epidemiologists, laboratorians, support staff) and the tools (computers and diagnostic laboratory equipment) necessary to conduct surveillance, investigation, and prevention activities to protect the public's health. Existing technologies (e.g., pasteurization, chlorination, and refrigeration) and new technologies (e.g., Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) and food irradiation) are promising methods of food protection.

Citation: Swerdlow D, Altekruse S. 1998. Food-Borne Diseases in the Global Village: What's on the Plate for the 21st Century, p 273-294. In Scheld W, Craig W, Hughes J (ed), Emerging Infections 2. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816957.ch15

Highlighted Text: Show | Hide

Full text loading...

Figures

Food-Borne Diseases in the Global Village: What's on the Plate for the 21st Century

[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/author/10.1128/9781555816957.chap15-1,webId=/content/author/10.1128/9781555816957.chap15-1,properties={foaf_givenname=David L., foaf_name=David L. Swerdlow, foaf_surname=Swerdlow, pub_isAffiliatedWith=[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/affiliation/10.1128/9781555816957.chap15-aff1]]}], com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/author/10.1128/9781555816957.chap15-2,webId=/content/author/10.1128/9781555816957.chap15-2,properties={foaf_givenname=Sean F., foaf_name=Sean F. Altekruse, foaf_surname=Altekruse, pub_isAffiliatedWith=[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/affiliation/10.1128/9781555816957.chap15-aff1]]}]]

/content/10.1128/9781555816957.chap15.fig15-1

Figure 1

Salmonella serotype Enteritidis isolations in the United States from 1976 to 1996. Source: CDC, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases.

10.1128/9781555816957/fig15-1_thmb.gif

10.1128/9781555816957/fig15-1.gif

Figure 1

Salmonella serotype Enteritidis isolations in the United States from 1976 to 1996. Source: CDC, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases.

/content/10.1128/9781555816957.chap15.fig15-2

Figure 2

Percentage of selected produce items from Mexico sold in the United States, by quarter, 1989 to 1992. Source: reference 49.

10.1128/9781555816957/fig15-2_thmb.gif

10.1128/9781555816957/fig15-2.gif

Figure 2

Percentage of selected produce items from Mexico sold in the United States, by quarter, 1989 to 1992. Source: reference 49.

/content/10.1128/9781555816957.chap15.fig15-3

Figure 3

Potential sites of contamination during Farm-to-table production of produce. Adapted from reference 49.

10.1128/9781555816957/fig15-3_thmb.gif

10.1128/9781555816957/fig15-3.gif

Figure 3

Potential sites of contamination during Farm-to-table production of produce. Adapted from reference 49.

/content/10.1128/9781555816957.chap15.fig15-4

Figure 4

Percentage of U.S. population over 65 years of age, from 1900 to 2040. Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census.

10.1128/9781555816957/fig15-4_thmb.gif

10.1128/9781555816957/fig15-4.gif

Figure 4

Percentage of U.S. population over 65 years of age, from 1900 to 2040. Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census.

/content/10.1128/9781555816957.chap15.fig15-5

Figure 5

Annual incidence (per 100.000 population) of laboratory-confirmed cases of Campylobacte, Salmonella, Shigella, and E. coli O157:H7 infections, by selected sites, 1996. Source: reference 6.

10.1128/9781555816957/fig15-5_thmb.gif

10.1128/9781555816957/fig15-5.gif

Figure 5

Annual incidence (per 100.000 population) of laboratory-confirmed cases of Campylobacte, Salmonella, Shigella, and E. coli O157:H7 infections, by selected sites, 1996. Source: reference 6.

References

/content/book/10.1128/9781555816957.chap15

1. Ackers, M.,, B. Mahon,, E. Leahy,, T. Damrow,, L. Hutwagner,, T. Barrett,, W. Bibb,, P. Hayes,, P. Griffin,, and L. Siulsker. 1996. An outbreak of Escherichia coli 0157:H7 infections associated with leaf lettuce consumption, Western Montana. abstr. K43, p. 257. In Abstracts of the 36th Interscience Conference On Antimicrobial Agents alld Chemotherapy. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.

2. Ackers, M.,, R. Pagaduan,, G. Hart,, K. D. Greene,, S. Abbot,, E. D. Mintz,, and R. V. Tauxe. 1997. Cholera and sliced fruit: probable secondary transmission from an asymptomatic carrier in the United States. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 1: 212– 214.

3. Altekruse, S. F.,, F. H. Hyman,, K. C. Klontz,, B. T. Timbo,, and L. K. Tollefson. 1994. Foodborne bacterial infections in individuals with the human immunodeficiency virus. South. Med. J. 87: 169– 173.

4. AlIekruse, S. F.,, D. A. Street,, S. B. Fein,, and A. S. Levy. 1996. Consumer knowledge of food-borne microbial hazards and food-handling practices. J. Food Prot. 59: 287– 294.

5. Angulo, F. J.,, and D. L. Swerdlow. 1995. Bacterial enteric infections in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin. Infect. Dis. 21( Suppl. 1): S84– S93.

6. Angulo, F. J.,, A. C. Voelsch,, D. Vugla,, J. L. Hadler,, M. Farley,, C. Hedberg,, P. Cieslak,, D. Morse,, D. Dwyer,, D. L. Swerdlow, and the FoodNet Working Group. 1998. Determining the burden of human illness from foodborne diseases: CDC's Emerging lnfections Program Foodbome Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet). Vet. Clin. N. Am. 14: 165– 172.

7. Archer, D. L.,, and J. E. Kvenberg. 1985. Incidence and cost of foodbome diarrheal disease in the United States. J. Food Prot. 48: 887– 894.

8. AshCord, R. W. 1979. Occurrence of an undescribed coccidian in man in Papua New Guinea. Ann. Trap. Med. Parasitol. 73: 497– 500.

9. Banatvala, N.,, A. R. Magnano,, M. L. Cartter,, T. J. Barrett,, W. F. Bibb,, L. L. Vasile,, P. Mshar,, M. A. Lambert-Fair,, J. Green,, N. H. Bean,, and R. V. Taux. 1996. Meat grinders and molecular epidemiology: two supermarket outbreaks of Escherichia coli 0157:H7 infection. J. Infect. Dis. 173: 480– 483.

10. Barrett, T. J.,, H. Lior,, J. H. Green,, R. Khakhria,, J. G. Wells,, B. P. Bell,, K. D. Greene,, J. Lewis,, and P. M. Griffin. 1994. Laboratory investigation of a multistate food-borne outbreak of Escherichia coli 0157:H7 by using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and phage typing. J. Clin. Microbial. 32: 3013- 3017.

11. Bean, N. H.,, S. M. Martin,, and H. Bradford. 1992. PHLlS: an electronic system for reporting public health data from remote sites. Am. J. Public Health 82: 1273– 1276.

12. Bean, N. H.,, J. S. Goulding,, C. Lao,, and F. J. Angulo. 1996. Surveillance for Foodborne Disease Outbreaks-United States, 1988-1992. III: CDC Surveillance summaries, October 25. 1996. Morbid. Mortal. Weekly Rep. 45(No. SS-5): 1– 66.

13. Bell, B. P.,, M. Goldoft,, P. M. Griffin,, M. A. Davis,, D. C. Gordon,, P. I. Tarr,, C. A. Bartelson,, J. H. Lewis,, T. J. Barrett,, J. G. Wells,, R. Baron,, and J. Kobayashi. 1994. A multi state outbreak of Escherichia coli 0157:H7-associated bloody diarrhea and hemolytic uremic syndrome from hamburgers. JAMA 272: 1349– 1353.

14. Bell, D. 1995. Forces that have helped shape the U.S. egg industry: the last 100 years. Poultry Tribune, p. 30– 43.

15. Bennett, J. V.,, S. D. Holmberg,, M. F. Rogers,, and S. L. Solomon,. 1987. Infectious and parasitic diseases, p. 102– 114. In R. W. Amler, and H. B. Dull (ed.), Closing the Gap: the Burden of Unnecessary Illness. Oxford University Press, New York. N.Y.

16. Berkelman, R. L.,, R. T. Bryan,, M. T. Osterholm,, J. W. LeDuc,, and J. M. Hughes. 1994. Infectious disease surveillance: A crumbling foundation. Science 264: 368– 370.

17. Besser, R. E.,, S. M. Lett,, T. Weber,, M. P. Doyle,, T. J. Barrett,, J. G. Wells,, and P. M. Griffin. 1993. An outbreak of diarrhea and hemolytic uremic syndrome from Escherichia coli 0157:H7 in fresh pressed apple cider. JAMA 269: 2217– 2220.

18. Besser, T. E.,, M. Goldoft,, and C. C. Gay. 1996. Emergence of Salmonella typhimurium DT 104 in humans and animals in the Pacific Northwest. In 51st Annual lnternational Conference on Diseases in Nature Communicable 10 Man Annual. Washington State Health Department, Seattle.

19. Black, R. E.,, and S. Siome. 1988. Yersinia emerocolitica. Infect. Dis. Clin. North Amer. 2: 625– 641.

20. Blake, P. A.,, M. H. Merson,, R. E. Weaver,, D. G. Hollls,, and P. C. Heublin. 1979. Disease caused by a marine Vibrio. Clinical characteristics and epidemiology. N. Engl. J. Med. 300: 1– 5.

21. Blaser, M. J. 1996. How safe is our food? Lessons from an outbreak of salmonellosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 334: 1324– 1325.

22. Bowersox, J. 1992. Top July stories are "5 a day:" new cancer risks. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 84: 1149– 1150.

23. Bryan, F. L. 1983. Epidemiology of milk-borne diseases. J. Food Prot. 46: 637– 649.

24. Bureau of the Census. 1993. Population Projections of the United States, by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic origin: 1993-2050 U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington, DC.

25. Bureau of the Census. 1990. 1990 Census of Population. General Population Characteristics. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

26. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1994. Health Information for International Travel. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Ga.

27. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1995. Acute hepatitis and renal failure following ingestion of raw carp gallbladders-Maryland and Pennsylvania, 1991 and 1994. Morbid. Mortal. Weekly Rep. 44: 555– 556.

28. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1995. Outbreak of Salmonella serotype Typhimurium infection associated with eating raw ground beef-Wisconsin. 1994. Morbid. Mortal. Weekly Rep. 44: 905– 909.

29.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1996. Vibrio vulnificus infections associated with eating raw oysters-Los Angeles. Morbid. Mortal. Weekly Rep. 45: 621– 624.

30. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1997. Multidrug resistant Salmonella serotype Typhimurium- United States. 1996. Morbid. Mortal. Weekly Rep. 46: 308– 310.

30a.. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Unpublished data.

31. Chalker, R. B.,, and M. J. Blaser. 1988. A review of human salmonellosis: III. Magnitude of Salmonella infection in the United States. Rev. Infect. Dis. 10: 111– 124.

32. Chew, K. K. 1993. Ecologic changes reiated to declines of oyster stocks in Chesapeake Bay. Aquae. Mag. March/ April: 73– 76.

33. Childers, A. B.,, and S. L. Rohrer. 1992. A new food safety strategy for tropical America. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 653: 376– 379.

34. Chomel, B. B.,, E. E. DeBess,, D. M. Mangiamele,, K. F. Reilly, T. B. Farver,, R. K. Sun,, and L. R. Barret. 1994. Changing trends in the epidemiology of human brucellosis in California from 1973 to 1992: a shift toward foodborne transmission. J. Infect. Dis. 170: 1216– 1223.

35. Clark, N. c.,, B. C. Hili,, C. M. O'Hara,, O. Steingrimsson,, and R. C. Cooksey. 1990. Epidemiologic typing of Enterobacter sakazakii in two neonatal nosocomial outbreaks. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 13: 467– 472.

36. Cody, S. H.,, K. Glynn,, J. Farrar,, L. Cairns,, R. Alexander,, M. Samadpour,, J. Lewis,, S. Abbot,, R. Bryant,, B. Swaminathan,, M. Fyfe,, R. Hoffman,, J. Mohle-Boetani,, J. Kobayashi,, P. Griffin,, and D. Vugia. 1997. International outbreak of Escherichia coli 0157:H7 infection associated with unpasteurized commercial apple juice, p. 10. In Proceedings of the 46th Annual Conference of the Epidemic Intelligence Service. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Ga.

37. Collins, J. G. 1993. Prevalence of Selected Chronic Conditions:United States, 1986-88. Vital Health Stat.Ser.10 182: 1– 87.

37a.. Committee on Sanitary Control of the Shellfish Industry in the United States. 1925. Report of the Committee on Sanitary Control of the Shellfish Industry in the United States. Public Health Reports, suppl. 53. U.S. Public Health Service. Washington, D.C.

38. Cook, K. A.,, T. Boyce,, C. Langkop,, K. Kuo,, M. Swartz,, D. Ewert,, E. Sowers,, J. Wells,, and R. Tauxe. 1995. Scallions and shigellosis: a multistate outbreak traced to imported green onions. p. 36. In Proceedings of the 44th Annual COllference of the Epidemic Intelligence Service.

39. Cook, K. A.,, D. Swerdlow,, T. Dobbs,, J. Wells,, N. Puhr,, G. Hlady,, C. Genese,, L. Finelli,, B. Toth,, D. Bodager,, and P. Griffin. 1996. Fresh-squeezed Salmonella: An outbreak of Salmonella hartford associated with unpasteurized orange juice-Florida, p. 38. In Proceedings of the 44th Annual Conference of the Epidemic Intelligence Service. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Ga.

40. Council for Agricultural Science and Technology. 1994. Foodborne Pathogens: Risks and Consequences. Task Force report 122. Council for Agricultural Science and Technology, Ames, Iowa.

41. Dalton, C. B.,, C. C. Austin,, J. Sobel,, P. S. Hayes,, W. F. Bibb,, L. M. Graves,, B. Swaminathan,, M. E. Proctor,, and P. M. Griffin. 1997. An outbreak of gastroenteritis and fever due to Listeria monocytogenes in milk. N. Engl. J. Med. 336: 100– 105.

42. Eckman, M. R. 1975. Brucellosis linked to Mexican cheese. JAMA 232: 636– 637.

43. Endtz, H. P.,, G. J. Ruijs,, B. van Klingeren,, W. H. Jansen,, T. van der Reyden,, and R. P. Moulon. 1991. Quinolone resistance in Campylobacter isolated from man and poultry following the introduction of fluoroquinolones in veterinary medicine. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 27: 199– 208.

44. Finelli, L.,, D. Swerdlow,, K. Mertz,, H. Ragazzoni,, and K. Spitalny. 1992. Outbreak of cholera associated with crab brought from an area with epidemic disease. J. Infect. Dis. 166: 1433– 1436.

45. Frost, J. A.,, M. B. McEvoy,, C. A. Bentley,, Y. Andersson,, and B. Rowe. 1995. An outbreak of Shigella sonnei infection associated with consumption of iceberg lettuce. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 1: 6– 9.

46. Gellin, B. G.,, and C. V. Broome. 1989. Listeriosis. JAMA 261: 1313– 1320.

47. Glynn, M. K.,, P. Dabney,, C. Bopp,, and F. Angulo. 1997. Emergence of multiresistant Salmonella serotype Typhimurium DT 104 R-type ACSSuT in the United States. p. 14. In Proceedings of the 44th Annual Conference of the Epidemic Intelligence Service. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Ga.

48. Griffin, P.M., 1995. Escherichia coli 0157:H7 and other enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, p. 739– 761. In M. J. Blaser,, P. D. Smith,, J. I. Ravdin, et al. (ed), Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract. Raven Press, Ltd., New York, N.Y.

49. Hedberg, C. W.,, K. L. MacDonald,, and M. T. Osterholm. 1994. Changing epidemiology of food-borne disease: a Minnesota perspective. Clin. Infect. Dis. 18: 671– 682.

50. Hennessy, T. W.,, C. W. Hedberg,, L. Siulsker,, K. E. White,, J. M. Besser-Wiek,, M. E. Moen,, J. Feldman,, W. W. Coleman,, L. M. Edmonson,, K. L. MacDonald,, and M. T. Osterholm. 1996. A national outbreak of Salmonella enteritidis infections from ice cream. N. Engl. J. Med. 334: 1281– 1286.

51. Henzler, D. J.,, and H. M. Opitz. 1992. The role of mice in the epizootiology of Salmollella enteritidis infection on chicken layer farms. Avian Dis. 36: 625– 631

52. Herwaldl, B. L.,, M. L. Ackers, and The Cyelospora Working Group. 1997. An outbreak in 1996 of cyclosporiasis associated with imported raspberries. N. Engl. J. Med. 336: 1548– 1556.

53. Hilborn, E. D.,, J. Mermin,, P. Mshar,, L. Siulsker,, R. Mshar,, J. Farrar,, M. Vance,, M. LambertFair,, T. Furgalack,, D. Vugia,, and J. Hadler. 1997. A multistate outbreak of Escherichia coli o 157:H7 infections associated with mesclun mix lettuce, p. 33. In Proceedings of the 46th Annual Conference of the Epidemic Intelligence Service. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Atlanta. Ga.

54. Hlady, W. G.,, and K. C. Klonlz. 1996. The epidemiology of Vibrio infections in Florida, 1981-1993. J. Infect. Dis. 173: 1176– 1183.

55. Huang, P.,, J. T. Weber,, D. M. Sosin,, P. M. Griffin,, E. G. Long,, J. J. Murphy,, F. Koeka,, C. Peters,, and C. Kallick. 1995. The first reported outbreak of diarrheal illness associated with Cyclospora in the United States. Ann. Intern. Med. 123: 409– 414.

56. Immigration and Naturalization Service. 1995. Legal Immigrations, 1990-1995. Department of Justice. Washington, D.C.

57. Kapperud, G.,, E. Skjerve,, K. Hauge,, A. Lysaker,, I. Aalmen,, S. M. Ostroff,, and M. Potter. 1993. Epidemiological investigation of risk factors for Campylobacter colonization in Norwegian broiler flocks. Epidemiol. Infect. 111: 45– 55.

58. Kapperud, G.,, P. A. Jenum,, B. Stray-Pedersen,, K. K. Melby,, A. Eskild,, and J. Eng. 1996. Risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection in pregnancy. Am. J. Epidemiol. 144: 405– 412.

59. Karon, J. M.,, P. S. Rosenberg,, G. McQuillan,, M. Kbare,, M. Gwinn,, and L. R. Petersen. 1996. Prevalence of HIV infection in the United States, 19S4 to 1992. JAMA 276: 126– 131.

60. Kenny, S. J.,, R. E. Aubert,, and L. S. Geiss,. 1995. Prevalence and incidence of non-insulin dependant diabetes, p. 47– 67. In M. I. Harris,, P. H. Bennett,, E. I. Boyko, et al. (ed.), Diabetes in America. 2nd ed. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md.

61. Killalea, D.,, L. R. Ward,, D. Roberts,, J. de Louvois,, F. Sufi,, J. M. Stuart,, P.G. Wall,, M. Susman,, M. Schweiger,, P. J. Sanderson,, I. S. T. Fisher,, P. S. Mead,. O. N. Gill,, C. L. R. Bartlett,, and B. Rowe. 1996. An outbreak of Salmonella agona infection in England and the United States caused by contamination of a ready-to-eat savoury snack. Br. Med. J. 313: 1105– 1107.

62. Lee, L. A.,, N. D. Puhr,, E. K. Maloney,, N. H. Bean,, and R. V. Tauxe. 1994. Increase in antimicrobial- resistant Salmonella infections in the United States, 1989-1990. J. Infect. Dis. 170: 18– 34.

63. Levine, W. c.,, J. F. Smart,, D. L. Archer,, N. H. Bean,, and R. V. Tauxe. 1991. Foodbome disease outbreaks in nursing homes, 1975 through 1987. JAMA 266: 2106– 2109.

64. Levine, W. C.,, J. W. Buehler,, N. H. Bean,, and R. V. Tauxe. 1991. Epidemiology of non typhoidal Salmonella bacteremia during the human immunodeficiency virus epidemic. J. Infect. Dis. 164: 81– 87.

65. Levine, W. c.,, R. W. Bennet,, Y. Choi,. K. J. Henning,, J. R. Rager,, K. A. Hendricks,, D. P. Hopkins,, R. A. Gunn,, and P. M. Griffin. 1996. Staphylococcal food poisoning caused by imported canned mushrooms. J. Infect. Dis. 173: 1263– 1267.

66. Liu, T. S.,, G. H. Snoeyenbos,, and V. L. Carlson. 1969. Thermal resistance of Salmonella senftenberg 775W in dry animal feeds. Avian Dis. 13: 611– 631.

67. MacDonald, K. L.,, M. Eidson,. C. Strohmeyer,, M. E. Levy,, J. G. Wells,, N. D. Puhr,, K. Wachsmuth,, N. T. Hargrett,, and M. L. Cohen. 1985. A multistate outbreak of gastrointestinal illness caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in imported semisoft cheese. J. Infect. Dis. 151: 716– 720.

68. Mahon, B. E.,, A. Ponka,, W. N. Hall,, K. Komatsu,, S. E. Dietrich,, A. Siitonen,, G. Cage,, M. A. Lambert-Fair,, N. H. Bean,, P. M. Griffin,, and L. Siulsker. 1995. An international outbreak of Salmonella infections caused by alfalfa sprouts grown from contaminated seeds. J. Infect. Dis. 175: 876– 882.

69. Mead, P. S.,, and E. D. Mintz. 1995. Ethnic eating: foodborne disease in the global village. Infect. Dis. Clin. Pract. 5: 319– 323.

70. Mead, P. S.,, L. Finelli,, M. A. Lambert-Fair,, D. Champ,, J. Townes,, L. Hutwagner,, T. J. Barrett,, K. Spitalny,, and E. D. Mintz. 1997. Risk factors for sporadic infection with Escherichia coli OI57:H7. Arch. Intern. Med. 157: 204– 208.

71. Miller, L. G.,, and C. W. Kaspar. 1994. Escherichia coli 0157:H7 acid tolerance and survival in apple cider. J Food Prot. 57: 460– 464.

7la.. Miller, B. A.,, L. A. G. Ries,, B. F. Hankey, et al. (cd.). 1993. SEER Cancer Statistics Review 1973-1990. National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, Md.

72. Mishu, B.,, A. A. IIyas,, C. L. Koski,, F. Vriesendorp,, S. D. Cook,, F. A. Mithen,, and M. J. Blaser. 1993. Serologic evidence of previous Campylobacter jejuni infection in patients with the Guillain-Barré syndrome. Ann. Intern. Med. 118: 947– 953.

73. Mishu, B.,, J. Koehler,, L. A. Lee,, D. Rodrigue,, F. H. Brenner,, P. Blake,, and R V. Tauxe. 1994. Outbreaks of Salmonella enteritidis infections in the United States, 1985-1991. J Infect. Dis. 169: 547– 552.

74. National Marine Fisheries Service. 1995. Monthly Oyster Landings by Region. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Silver Spring, Md.

75. Paci, E. 1995. Exploring new tourism marketing opportunities around the world. In Proceedings of the Eleventh General Assembly of the World Tourism Organization. Cairo, Egypt.

76. Passaro, D. J.,, R. Reporter,, L. Mascola,, L. Kilman,, G. Malcolm,, H. Rolka,, S. B. Werner,, and D. J. Vugia. 1996. Epidemic illness caused by Salmonella enteritidis infection in Los Angeles County: the predominance of phage type 4. West. J. Med. 165: 126– 130.

77. Pearson, A. D.,, M. Greenwood,, T. D. Healing,, D. Rollins,, M. Shahamat,, J. Donaldson,, D. M. Jones,, and R. R. Colwell. 1993. Colonization of broiler chickens by waterborne Campylobacter jejuni. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59: 987– 996.

78. Randell, A. W.,, and A. J. WhItehead. 1997. Codex Alimentarius: food safety standards for international trade. Rev. Sci. Tech. Off. Int. Epizoot. 16: 313– 321.

79. ReIman, D. A.,, T. M. Schmidt,, A. Gajadhar,, M. Sogin,, J. Cross,, K. Yoder,, O. Sethbutr,, and P. Echevarria. 1996. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of Cyclospora, the human intestinal pathogen. suggests that it is closely related to Eimeria species. J. Infect. Dis. 173: 440– 445.

80. Ries, A. A.,, S. Zaza,, C. Langkop,, R. V. Tau,,e, and P. A. Blake. 1990. A multistate outbreak of Salmollella chester linked to imported cantaloupe, abstr. 915, p. 238. In Abstracts of the 30th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. American Society for Microbiology. Washington, DC.

81. Riley, L. W,, R. S. Remis,, S. D. Helgerson,, H. B. McGee,, J. B. Wells,, B. R. Davis,, R. J. Hehert,, E. S. Olcott,, L. M. Johnson,, N. T. Hargrett,, P. A. Blake,, and M. L. Cohen. 1983. Hemorrhagic colitis associated with a rare Eschericha coli serotype. N. Engl. J. Med. 308: 681– 685.

82. Rodrigue, D. C.,, R. V. Tauxe,, and B. Rowe. 1990. International increase in Salmonella enteritidis: a new pandemic? Epidemiol. Infect. 105: 1– 7.

83. Rodrigue, D. C.,, D. N. Cameron,, N. D. Pnhr,, F. W. Brenner,, M. St Louis,, I. K. Wachsmuth,, and R. V. Tame. 1992. Comparison of plasmid profiles, phage types, and antimicrobial resistance patterns of Salmollella ellteritidis. J. C1in. Microbiol. 30: 854– 857.

84. Ryan, C. A.,, M. K. Nickels,, N. T. Hargrett-Bean,, M. E. Potter,, T. Endo,, L. Mayer,, C. W. Langkop,, C. Gibson,, R. C. McDonald,, R. T. Kenny,, N. D. Puhr,, P. J. McDonnell,, R. J. Martin,, M. L. Cohen,, and P. A. Blake. 1987. Massive outbreak of antimicrobial-resistant salmonellosis traced to pasteurized milk. JAMA 58: 3269– 3274.

85. Schlech, W. F. 1997. Listeria gastroenteritis-old syndrome. new pathogen. N. Engl. J. Med. 336: 1302.

86. Schuchat, A.,, B. Swaminathan,, and C. V. Broome. 1991. Epidemiology of human listeriosis. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 4: 169– 183.

87. Siegler, R. L.,, A. T. Pavia,, R. D. Christofferson,, and M. K. Milligan. 1994. A 20-year population based study of postdiarrheal hemolytic uremic syndrome in Utah. Pediatrics 94: 35– 40.

88. Small, M. L.,, L. Kann,, B. C. Pateman,, R. S. Gold,, and L. J. Koble. 1995. School health education. J. School Health 65: 30– 311.

89. Snoeyenbos, G. H.,, C. F. Smyzer,, and H. Van Roekel. 1969. Salmonella infections of the ovary and peritoneum of chickens. Avian Dis. 13: 668– 670.

90. Soave, R. 1996. Cyclospora: an overview. Clin. Infect. Dis. 23: 429– 437.

91. Sobel, J.,, A. Hirshfeld,, K. Mctigue,, C. NiChols,, C. Burnette,, S. Mottice,, F. Brenner,, G. Malcolm,, and D. L. Swerdlow. 1996. Salmonella Enteritidis phage type 4 pandemic reaches Utah, abstr. LB27, p. 12. In Program Addendum, Abstracts of the 36th Interscience Conference on An timicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. American Society for Microbiology. Washington, DC.

92. St. Louis, M. E.,, D. L. Morse,, M. E. Potter,, T. M. DeMelfi,, J. J. Guzewich,, R. V. Tauxe,, and P. A. Blake. 1988. The emergence of grade A shell eggs as a major source of Salmonella enteritidis infections: new implications for the control of salmonellosis. JAMA 259: 2103– 2107.

93. Steele, J. H.,, and R. E. Engel. 1992. Radiation processing of foods. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 201: 1522– 1529.

94. Stehr-Green, J. K.,, and P. M. Schantz. 1986. Trichinosis in Southeast Asian refugees in the United States. Am. J. Public Health 76: 1238– 1239.

95. Stephenson, J. 1997. New approaches for detecting and curtailing foodborne microbial infections. JAMA 277: 1337– 1340.

96. Sun, T. 1980. Clonorchiasis: a report of four cases and discussion of unusual manifestations. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 29: 1223– 1227.

97. Swerdlow, D. L.,, L. A. Lee,, R. V. Tauxe,, N. H. Bean,, and J. Q. Jarvis. 1990. Reactive arthropathy following a multistate outbreak of Salmonella typhimurium infections. abstr. 916, p. 239. In Abstracts of the 30th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. American Society for Microbiology. Washington, D.C.

98. Tappero, J. W.,, A. Schuchat,, K. A. Deaver,, L. Mascola,, and J. D. Wenger. 1995. Reduction in the incidence of human listeriosis in the United States. Effectiveness of prevention efforts? JAMA 273: 1118– 1122.

99. Tauxe, R. V.,, S. D. Holmberg,, and M. L. Cohen,. 1989. The epidemiology of gene transfer in the environment, p. 377– 403. In S. B. Levy, and R. V. Miller (ed.), Gene Transfer in the Environment. McGraw-Hill, New York. N. Y.

100. Tauxe, R. V. 1991. Salmonella: a postmodem pathogen. J. Food Prot. 54: 563– 568.

101. Tauxe, R. V., 1992. Epidemiology of Campylobacter jejuni infections in the United States and other industrialized nations. p. 9– 20. In I. Nachamkin,. S. Tompkins,. M. Blaser (ed.) Campylobacter jejuni: Currenr Status and Future Trends. American Society for Microbiology. Washington, D.C.

102. Tauxe, R. V. 1997. Emerging foodbome diseases: an evolving public health challenge. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 3: 425– 434.

103. Taylor, J. L.,, J. Thtlle,, T. Pramukul,, K. O'Brien,, T. J. Barrett,, B. Jolbitado,, Y. L. Lim,, D. Vugia,, J. G. Morris Jr.,, and R. V. Tauxe. 1993. An outbreak of cholera in Maryland associated with imported commercial coconut milk. J. Infect. Dis. 167: 1330– 1335.

104. Tollefson, L. 1996. FDA reveals plans for antimicrobial susceptibility monitoring. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 208: 459– 460.

105. Thtlle, J.,, S. Kellennan,, and R. V. Tauxe. 1994. The risks of raw shellfish: what every transplant patient should know. J Transplant. Coord. 4: 60– 63.

106. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 1995. Food Code: Recommendations of the United States Public Health Service. National Technical Information Service. Springfield. Va.

107. Wall, P. G.,, D. Morgan,, K. Lamden,, M. Ryan,, M. Griffin,, E. J. Threlfall,, L. R. Ward,, and B. Rowe. 1994. A case control study of infection with an epidemic strain of multiresistant Salmonella typhimurium DT 104 in England and Wales. Commun. Dis. Rep. 4: R130– 135.

108. Wall, P. G.,, D. Ross,, P. Van Som.rn,, L. R. Ward,, J. Threlfall,, and B. Rowe. 1997. Features of the epidemiology of multidrug resistant Salmonella typhimurium DT 104 in England and Wales, p. 565–567.. In Proceedings of Salmonella and Salmonellosis'97.

109. Wood, R. c.,, C. Hedberg,, K. White,, K. MacDonald,, and M. Osterholm. 1991. A multi-state outbreak of Salmonella javiana infections associated with raw tomatoes, p. 69. In Proceedings of the 40th Annual Conference of the Epidemic Intelligence Service. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Atlanta. Ga.

110. Wood, R. C.,, K. L. Macdonald,, and M. T. Osterholm. 1992. Campylobacter enteritis outbreaks associated with drinking raw milk during youth activities. A IO-year review of outbreaks in the United States. JAMA 268: 3228– 3230.

111. World Health Organization. 1995. Report of the WHO Surveillance Programme for Control of Foodborne Infections and Intoxications in Europe: Sixth Report, 1990-1992. Federal Institute for Health Protection of Consumers and Veterinary Medicine. FAD/WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Food Hygiene and Zoonoses, Berlin, Germany.

Tables

Food-Borne Diseases in the Global Village: What's on the Plate for the 21st Century

/content/10.1128/9781555816957.chap15.tab15-1

Table 1

Estimated illnesses and deaths per year caused by selected food-borne pathogens in the United States and commonly implicated foods a

10.1128/9781555816957/tab15-1_thmb.gif

10.1128/9781555816957/tab15-1.gif

Table 1

Estimated illnesses and deaths per year caused by selected food-borne pathogens in the United States and commonly implicated foods a

/content/10.1128/9781555816957.chap15.tab15-2

Table 2

Selected fruit- and vegetable-associated outbreaks of food-borne disease in the United States and Canada between 1990 and 1997 a

10.1128/9781555816957/tab15-2_thmb.gif

10.1128/9781555816957/tab15-2.gif

Table 2

Selected fruit- and vegetable-associated outbreaks of food-borne disease in the United States and Canada between 1990 and 1997 a