1887

9 : Mycobacterium ulcerans Infection and Buruli Ulcer Disease: Emergence of a Public Health Dilemma

Authors: C. Harold King1, Karen M. Dobos1, David A. Ashford2, Ellen A. Spotts Whitney2, Pratima L. Raghunathan2, Jeannette Guarner2, Jordan W. Tappero3
VIEW AFFILIATIONS HIDE AFFILIATIONS
Affiliations: 1: Emory University School of Medicine, 69 Butler St. SE. Atlanta, GA 30303; 2: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA 30333; 3: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333; 4: The HIV/AIDS Collaboration, DMS 6 Building, Ministry of Public Health, Tivanon Rd., Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand
Content Type: Monograph
Publication Year: 2001

Category: Clinical Microbiology

MyBook is a cheap paperback edition of the original book and will be sold at uniform, low price.

Preview this chapter:
Preview Magnify
Zoom in
Zoomout

Mycobacterium ulcerans Infection and Buruli Ulcer Disease: Emergence of a Public Health Dilemma, Page 1 of 2

| /docserver/preview/fulltext/10.1128/9781555816988/9781555812164_Chap09-1.gif /docserver/preview/fulltext/10.1128/9781555816988/9781555812164_Chap09-2.gif

Abstract:

After tuberculosis and leprosy, Buruli ulcer disease (BUD) is the third most common mycobacterial disease among immunocompetent people in the tropical world. BUD caused by , is characterized by indolent, necrotizing ulcerations of the skin. disrupts macrophages and adipose cell monolayers in vitro, in lieu of growing within these cells. One of the major goals of the WHO's Global Buruli Ulcer Initiative is to develop new diagnostic tests to identify patients infected with prior to the development of advanced ulcerative disease. Because is infrequently isolated, every well-characterized clinical isolate has the potential to add to the understanding of the molecular epidemiology of . The main histopathologic feature during the nodule stage is the necrosis of the subcutaneous adipose tissues. Necrosis can be classified as coagulative since the tissue appears to maintain its architecture and shows intense eosinophilia due to loss of the normal basophilia imparted by cytoplasmic RNA. Surgery is the current recommended treatment for all stages of BUD. Ulcerative lesions require wide debridement followed by skin grafting, techniques requiring referral to specialized health care facilities. Currently, international efforts directed by the WHO Buruli Ulcer Initiative are targeted towards defining the worldwide burden of this disease, the source(s) and route(s) of transmission, improved diagnostic assays, the mechanisms of pathogenesis, less invasive treatment options, and improved public health control strategies.

Citation: Harold King C, Dobos K, Ashford D, Spotts Whitney E, Raghunathan P, Guarner J, Tappero J. 2001. Mycobacterium ulcerans Infection and Buruli Ulcer Disease: Emergence of a Public Health Dilemma, p 137-152. In Scheld W, Craig W, Hughes J (ed), Emerging Infections 5. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816988.ch9
Highlighted Text: Show | Hide
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

Figures

Mycobacterium ulcerans Infection and Buruli Ulcer Disease: Emergence of a Public Health Dilemma
[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/author/10.1128/9781555816988.chap9-1,webId=/content/author/10.1128/9781555816988.chap9-1,properties={foaf_givenname=C., foaf_name=C. Harold King, foaf_surname=Harold King, pub_isAffiliatedWith=[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/affiliation/10.1128/9781555816988.chap9-aff1]]}], com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/author/10.1128/9781555816988.chap9-2,webId=/content/author/10.1128/9781555816988.chap9-2,properties={foaf_givenname=Karen M., foaf_name=Karen M. Dobos, foaf_surname=Dobos, pub_isAffiliatedWith=[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/affiliation/10.1128/9781555816988.chap9-aff1]]}], com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/author/10.1128/9781555816988.chap9-3,webId=/content/author/10.1128/9781555816988.chap9-3,properties={foaf_givenname=David A., foaf_name=David A. Ashford, foaf_surname=Ashford, pub_isAffiliatedWith=[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/affiliation/10.1128/9781555816988.chap9-aff2]]}], com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/author/10.1128/9781555816988.chap9-4,webId=/content/author/10.1128/9781555816988.chap9-4,properties={foaf_givenname=Ellen A., foaf_name=Ellen A. Spotts Whitney, foaf_surname=Spotts Whitney, pub_isAffiliatedWith=[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/affiliation/10.1128/9781555816988.chap9-aff2]]}], com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/author/10.1128/9781555816988.chap9-5,webId=/content/author/10.1128/9781555816988.chap9-5,properties={foaf_givenname=Pratima L., foaf_name=Pratima L. Raghunathan, foaf_surname=Raghunathan, pub_isAffiliatedWith=[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/affiliation/10.1128/9781555816988.chap9-aff2]]}], com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/author/10.1128/9781555816988.chap9-6,webId=/content/author/10.1128/9781555816988.chap9-6,properties={foaf_givenname=Jeannette, foaf_name=Jeannette Guarner, foaf_surname=Guarner, pub_isAffiliatedWith=[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/affiliation/10.1128/9781555816988.chap9-aff2]]}], com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/author/10.1128/9781555816988.chap9-7,webId=/content/author/10.1128/9781555816988.chap9-7,properties={foaf_givenname=Jordan W., foaf_name=Jordan W. Tappero, foaf_surname=Tappero, pub_isAffiliatedWith=[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/affiliation/10.1128/9781555816988.chap9-aff3]]}]]
Citation: Harold King C, Dobos K, Ashford D, Spotts Whitney E, Raghunathan P, Guarner J, Tappero J. 2001. Mycobacterium ulcerans Infection and Buruli Ulcer Disease: Emergence of a Public Health Dilemma, p 137-152. In Scheld W, Craig W, Hughes J (ed), Emerging Infections 5. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816988.ch9
/content/10.1128/9781555816988.chap9.fig9-1
Figure 1.

Global distribution of BUD.

10.1128/9781555816988/fig9-1_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816988/fig9-1.gif
Image of Figure 1.
Figure 1.

Global distribution of BUD.

Citation: Harold King C, Dobos K, Ashford D, Spotts Whitney E, Raghunathan P, Guarner J, Tappero J. 2001. Mycobacterium ulcerans Infection and Buruli Ulcer Disease: Emergence of a Public Health Dilemma, p 137-152. In Scheld W, Craig W, Hughes J (ed), Emerging Infections 5. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816988.ch9
Permissions and Reprints Request Permissions
Download as Powerpoint
/content/10.1128/9781555816988.chap9.fig9-2
Figure 2.

Culture isolation. (A) Tissue preparation. Tissue samples are removed from transport tubes and superficial layers and scar tissue are aseptically removed with a sterile scalpel. (B) Tissue homogenization. Tissue (mostly dermis and subcutaneous fascia) is homogenized using a sterile plastic pestle and phosphate-buffered saline. (C) Decontamination. Tissue homogenate is decontaminated with HC1 and then neutralized with NaOH. (D) Sedimentation of bacilli. After decontamination, tissue homogenate is centrifuged; fatty tissue remains on the top layer, while bacteria settle to the bottom of the tube.

10.1128/9781555816988/fig9-2_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816988/fig9-2.gif
Image of Figure 2.
Figure 2.

Culture isolation. (A) Tissue preparation. Tissue samples are removed from transport tubes and superficial layers and scar tissue are aseptically removed with a sterile scalpel. (B) Tissue homogenization. Tissue (mostly dermis and subcutaneous fascia) is homogenized using a sterile plastic pestle and phosphate-buffered saline. (C) Decontamination. Tissue homogenate is decontaminated with HC1 and then neutralized with NaOH. (D) Sedimentation of bacilli. After decontamination, tissue homogenate is centrifuged; fatty tissue remains on the top layer, while bacteria settle to the bottom of the tube.

Citation: Harold King C, Dobos K, Ashford D, Spotts Whitney E, Raghunathan P, Guarner J, Tappero J. 2001. Mycobacterium ulcerans Infection and Buruli Ulcer Disease: Emergence of a Public Health Dilemma, p 137-152. In Scheld W, Craig W, Hughes J (ed), Emerging Infections 5. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816988.ch9
Permissions and Reprints Request Permissions
Download as Powerpoint
/content/10.1128/9781555816988.chap9.fig9-3
Figure 3.

Western blot reactivity to MUCF. M, molecular size markers; lanes 1 to 6, representative BUD patient sera with reactivity to the MUCF; lanes 7 to 10, representative antibody reactivity in healthy persons from the area where the disease is endemic; lanes 11 and 12, serologic reactivities to the MUCF of two representative tuberculosis patients. Arrows indicate reactivity to the 70-, 38-, and 5-kDa antigens.

10.1128/9781555816988/fig9-3_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816988/fig9-3.gif
Image of Figure 3.
Figure 3.

Western blot reactivity to MUCF. M, molecular size markers; lanes 1 to 6, representative BUD patient sera with reactivity to the MUCF; lanes 7 to 10, representative antibody reactivity in healthy persons from the area where the disease is endemic; lanes 11 and 12, serologic reactivities to the MUCF of two representative tuberculosis patients. Arrows indicate reactivity to the 70-, 38-, and 5-kDa antigens.

Citation: Harold King C, Dobos K, Ashford D, Spotts Whitney E, Raghunathan P, Guarner J, Tappero J. 2001. Mycobacterium ulcerans Infection and Buruli Ulcer Disease: Emergence of a Public Health Dilemma, p 137-152. In Scheld W, Craig W, Hughes J (ed), Emerging Infections 5. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816988.ch9
Permissions and Reprints Request Permissions
Download as Powerpoint
/content/10.1128/9781555816988.chap9.fig9-4
Figure 4.

Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2D GE) mapping of the MUCF. (A) Silver-stain analysis. Fifty micrograms of MUCF protein was resolved by 2D GE using a pH gradient of 4 to 6.5 and discontinuous sodium dodecyl sulfate-15% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. (B) Western blot analysis. Fifty micrograms of MUCF was resolved by 2D GE as in panel A, transferred to nitrocellulose, and probed with BUD patient sera.

10.1128/9781555816988/fig9-4_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816988/fig9-4.gif
Image of Figure 4.
Figure 4.

Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2D GE) mapping of the MUCF. (A) Silver-stain analysis. Fifty micrograms of MUCF protein was resolved by 2D GE using a pH gradient of 4 to 6.5 and discontinuous sodium dodecyl sulfate-15% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. (B) Western blot analysis. Fifty micrograms of MUCF was resolved by 2D GE as in panel A, transferred to nitrocellulose, and probed with BUD patient sera.

Citation: Harold King C, Dobos K, Ashford D, Spotts Whitney E, Raghunathan P, Guarner J, Tappero J. 2001. Mycobacterium ulcerans Infection and Buruli Ulcer Disease: Emergence of a Public Health Dilemma, p 137-152. In Scheld W, Craig W, Hughes J (ed), Emerging Infections 5. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816988.ch9
Permissions and Reprints Request Permissions
Download as Powerpoint

References

/content/book/10.1128/9781555816988.chap9
1. Aguiar, J.,, and C. Stenou. 1997. Les ulceres de Buroli en zone rurale au Benin: prise en charge de 635 cas. Med. Trop. 57: 83– 90.
2.Anonymous. 1969. BeG vaccination against Mycobacterium ulcerans infection (Buroli ulcer). First results of a trial in Uganda. Lancet i: 111– 115.
3.Anonymous. 1971. Epidemiology of Mycobacterium ulcerans infection (Buroli ulcer) at Kinyara, Uganda. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 65: 763– 775.
4. Asiedu, A.,, M. Raviglione,, and R. W. Scherpbier. 1998. Report: International Conference on Buruli Ulcer Control and Research, Yamoussoukro, Cote d'Ivoire 6-8 July 1998. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
5. Asiedu, K.,, and S. Etuaful. 1998. Socioeconomic implications of Buroli ulcer in Ghana: a threeyear review. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 59: 1015– 1022.
6. Asiedu, K.,, R. Scherpbier,, and M. Raviglione (ed.). 2000. Buruli Ulcer: Mycobacterium ulcerans Infection. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
7. Bar, W.,, S. Rusch-Gerdes,, E. Richter,, G. Marquez de Bar,, C. Dittmer,, H. Papsdorf,, P. Stosiek,, P. B. deRijk,, W. M. Meyers,, and F. Portaels. 1998. Mycobacterium ulcerans infection in a child from Angola: diagnosis by direct detection and culture. Trap. Med. Int. Health 3: 189– 196.
8. Barker, D.,, J. Clancey,, and S. Rao. 1972. Mycobacteria of vegetation in Uganda. E. Afr. Med. 1. 49: 668– 671.
9. Barker, D. J. 1973. Epidemiology of Mycobacterium ulcerans infection. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 67: 43– 50.
10. Bradley, D. 1971. Epidemiology of Mycobacterium ulcerans infection (Buruli ulcer) at Kinyara, Uganda. Trans. R. Soc. Trap. Med. Hyg. 65: 763– 775.
11. Christie, M. 1987. Suspected Mycobacterium ulcerans disease in Kiribati. Med. J. Aust. 146: 600– 604.
12. Connor, D. 1966. Buruli ulceration: a clinicopathologic study of 38 Ugandans with Mycobacterium ulcerans infection. Arch. Patllol. 81: 183– 189.
13. Connor, D. H.,, and H. F. Lunn. 1965. Mycobacterium ulcerans infection (with comments on pathogenesis). Int. J. Leprosy 33(Suppl.): 698– 709.
14. Daniel, T. M.,, and S. M. Debanne. 1987. The serodiagnosis of tuberculosis and other mycobacterial diseases by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 135: 1137– 1151.
15. Darie, H.,, T. Le Guyadec,, and J. E. Touze. 1993. Aspects epidemiologiques et cliniques de l'ulcere de Buruli en Cote-d'Ivoire. à propos de 124 observations recentes. Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. 86: 272– 276.
16. Dega, H.,, J. Robert,, P. Bonnafous,, V. Jarlier,, and J. Grosset. 2000. Activities of several antimicrobials against Mycobacterium ulcerans infection in mice. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44: 2367– 2372.
17. Dobos, K. M.,, E. A. Spotts,, B. J. Marston,, C. R. Horsburgh, Jr.,, and C. H. King. 2000. Serologic response to culture filtrate antigens of Mycobacterium ulcerans during Buruli ulcer disease. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 6: 158– 164.
18. Espey, D.,, D. Gaston,, and I. Diomande. A clinical trial of rifampin and dapsone for the treatment of Buruli ulcer in Cote d'Ivoire. Am. J. Trap. Med. Hyg., in press.
19. Faber, W. R.,, L. M. Arias-Bouda,, J. E. Zeegelaar,, A. H. Kolk,, P. A. Fonteyne,, J. Toonstra,, and F. Portaels. 2000. First reported case of Mycobacterium ulcerans infection in a patient from China. Trans. R. Soc. Trap. Med. Hyg. 94: 277– 279.
20. George, K. M.,, L. P. Barker,, D. M. Welty,, and P. L. Small. 1998. Partial purification and characterization of biological effects of a lipid toxin produced by Mycobacterium ulcerans. Infect. Immun. 66: 587– 593.
21. George, K. M.,, D. Chatterjee,, G. Gunawardana,, D. Welty,, J. Hayman,, R. Lee,, and P. L. Small. 1999. Mycolactone: a polyketide toxin from Mycobacterium ulcerans required for virulence. Science 283: 854– 857.
22. George, K. M.,, L. Pascopella,, D. M. Welty,, and P. L. Small. 2000. A Mycobacterium lilcerans toxin, mycolactone, causes apoptosis in guinea pig ulcers and tissue culture cells. Infect. Immun. 68: 877– 883.
23. Gomez, A.,, A. Mve-Obiang,, B. Vray,, J. Remade,, K. Chemlal,, W. M. Meyers,, F. Portaels,, and P. A. Fonteyne. 2000. Biochemical and genetic evidence for phospholipase C activity in Mycobacterium ulcerans. Infect. Immun. 68: 2995– 2997.
24. Gooding, T. M.,, P. D. Johnson,, D. E. Campbell,, J. A. Hayman,, E. L. Hartland,, A. S. Kemp,, and R. M. Robins-Browne. 2001. Immune response to infection with Mycobacterium ulcerans. Infect. lmmun. 69: 1704– 1707.
25. Guimaraes-Peres, A.,, F. Portaels,, P. de Rijk,, K. Fissette,, S. R. Pattyn,, J. van Vooren,, and P. Fonteyne. 1999. Comparison of two PCRs for detection of Mycobacterium llicerans. J. Clin. Microbial. 37: 206– 208.
26. Hayman, J. 1985. Clinical features of Mycobacterium ulcerans infection. Aust. J. Dermatol. 26: 67– 73.
27. Hayman, J. 1992. Out of Africa: observations on the histopathology of Mycobacterium ulcerans infection. J. Clin. Pathol. 46: 5– 9.
28. Hayman, J.,, and A. McQueen. 1985. The pathology of Mycobacterium ulcerans infection. Pathology 17: 594– 600.
29. Hayman, J. A.,, and H. J. Huygens. 1982. Mycobacterium ulcerans infection across Lake Victoria. Med. J. Aust. 1: 138.
30. Hockmeyer, W. T.,, R. E. Krieg,, M. Reich,, and R. D. Johnson. 1978. Further characterization of Mycobacterium ulcerans toxin. Infect. Immun. 21: 124– 128.
31. Horsburgh, C. R., Jr.,, and W. M. Meyers,. 1997. Buruli ulcer, p. 119– 134. In C. R. Horsburgh, Jr.,, and A. M. Nelson (ed.), Pathology of Emerging Infections. ASM Press, Washington, D.C.
32. Ivanyi, J.,, G. H. Bothamley,, and P. S. Jackett. 1988. Immunodiagnostic assays for tuberculosis and leprosy. Br. Med. Bull. 44: 635– 649.
33. Josse, R.,, L. Andre,, C. Zinsou,, S. Anagonou,, A. Guedenon,, M. Botineau,, J. Catraye,, J. Foundohou,, and J. Touze. 1992. Etude clinique et epidemiologique de ulcere de Buruli chez Ie jeune au Benin. Cahiers Sante 2: 23– 27.
34. Krieg, R. E.,, W. T. Hockmeyer,, and D. H. Connor. 1974. Toxin of Mycobacterium ulcerans. Production and effects in guinea pig skin. Arch. Dermatol. 110: 783– 788.
35. MacCallum, P.,, J. Tolhusrt,, G. Buckle,, and H. Sissons. 1948. A new mycobacterial infection in man. J. Pathol. Bacteriol. 60: 93– 122.
36. Marston, B. J.,, M. O. Diallo,, C. R. Horsburgh, Jr.,, I. Diomande,, M. Z. Saki,, J. M. Kanga,, G. Patrice,, H. B. Lipman,, S. M. Ostroff,, and R. C. Good. 1995. Emergence of Buruli ulcer disease in the Daloa region of Cote d'Ivoire. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 52: 219– 224.
37. Meyers, W. M.,, W. M. Shelly,, D. H. Connor,, and E. K. Meyers. 1974. Human Mycobacterium ulcerans infections developing at sites of trauma to skin. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 23: 919– 923.
38. Meyers, W. M.,, N. Tignokpa,, G. B. Priuli,, and F. Portaels. 1996. Mycobacterium ulcerans infection (Buruli ulcer): first reported patients in Togo. Br. J. Dermatol. 134: 1116– 1121.
39. Mitchell, P. J.,, I. V. Jerrett,, and K. J. Slee. 1984. Skin ulcers caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans in koalas near Bairnsdale, Australia. Pathology 16: 256– 260.
40. Monson, M. H.,, D. W. Gibson,, D. H. Connor,, R. Kappes,, and H. A. Hienz. 1984. Mycobacterium ulcerans in Liberia: a clinicopathologic study of 6 patients with Buruli ulcer. Acta Trop. 41: 165– 172.
41. Muelder, K.,, and A. Nourou. 1990. Buruli ulcer in Benin. Lancet 336: 1109– 1111.
42. Mve-Obiang, A.,, J. Remade,, J. C. Palomino,, A. Houbion,, and F. Portaels. 1999. Growth and cytotoxic activity by Mycobacterium ulcerans in protein-free media. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 181: 153– 157.
43. Oluwasanmi, J. O.,, T. F. Solankee,, E. O. Olurin,, S. O. Itayemi,, G. O. Alabi,, and A. O. Lucas. 1976. Mycobacterium ulcerans (Buruli) skin ulceration in Nigeria. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 25: 122– 128.
44. Palomino, J. C.,, and F. Portaels. 1998. Effects of decontamination methods and culture conditions on viability of Mycobacterium ulcerans in the BACTEC system. 1. Clin. Microbiol. 36: 402– 408.
45. Pimsler, M.,, T. A. Sponsler,, and W. M. Meyers. 1988. Immunosuppressive properties of the soluble toxin from Mycobacterium ulcerans. J. Infect. Dis. 157: 577– 580.
46. Portaels, F.,, J. Aguiar,, K. Fissette,, P. A. Fonteyne,, H. De Beenhouwer,, P. de Rijk,, A. Guedenon,, R. Lemans,, C. Steunou,, C. Zinsou,, J. M. Dumonceau,, and W. M. Meyers. 1997. Direct detection and identification of Mycobacterium ulcerans in clinical specimens by PCR and oligonucleotidespecific capture plate hybridization. J. Clin. Microbiol. 35: 1097– 1100.
47. Portaels, F.,, K. Chemlal,, P. Elsen,, P. Johnson,, J. Hayman,, J. Hibble,, R. Kirkwood,, and W. Meyers. 2001. Mycobacterium ulcerans in wild animals. Rev. Sci. Tech Off Int. Epizoot. 20: 252– 264.
48. Portaels, F.,, P. A. Fonteyene,, H. de Beenhouwer,, P. de Rijk,, A. Guedenon,, J. Hayman,, and M. W. Meyers. 1996. Variability in 3' end of 16S rRNA sequence of Mycobacterium ulcerans is related to geographic origin of isolates. J. Clin. Microbiol. 34: 962– 965.
49. Portaels, F.,, H. Traore,, K. De Ridder,, and W. M. Meyers. 1998. In vitro susceptibility of Mycobacterium ulcerans to clarithromycin. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 42: 2070– 2073.
50. Rastogi, N.,, M. C. 81om-Potar,, and H. L. David. 1989. Comparative intracellular growth of difficult- to-grow and other mycobacteria in a macrophage cell line. Acta Leprol. 7: 156– 159.
51. Read, J. K.,, C. M. Heggie,, W. M. Meyers,, and D. H. Connor. 1974. Cytotoxic activity of Mycobacterium ulcerans. Infect. Immun. 9: 1114– 1122.
52. Realini, L.,, K. De Ridder,, J. Palomino,, B. Hirschel,, and F. Portaels. 1998. Microaerophilic conditions promote growth of Mycobacterium genavense. J. Clin. Microbial. 36: 2565– 2570.
53. Reid, I. S. 1967. Mycobacterium ulcerans infection: a report of 13 cases at the Port Moresby General Hospital, Papua. Med. J. Aust. 1: 427– 431.
54. Roberts, B.,, and R. Hirst. 1997. Immunomagnetic separation and PCR for detection of Mycobacterium ulcerans. J. Clin. Microbial. 35: 2709– 2711.
55. Ross, B. C.,, P. D. Johnson,, F. Oppedisano,, L. Marino,, A. Sievers,, T. Stinear,, J. A. Hayman,, M. G. Veitch,, and R. M. Robins-Browne. 1997. Detection of Mycobacterium ulcerans in environmental samples during an outbreak of ulcerative disease. Appl. Environ. Microbial. 63: 4135– 4138.
56. Ross, B. C.,, L. Marino,, F. Oppedisano,, R. Edwards,, R. M. Robins-Browne,, and P. D. Johnson. 1997. Development of a PCR assay for rapid diagnosis of Mycobacterium ulcerans infection. J. Clin. Microbial. 35: 1696– 1700.
57. Saxegaard, F. 1985. Isolation of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis from intestinal mucosa and mesenteric lymph nodes of goats by use of selective Dubos medium. J. Clin. Microbial. 22: 312– 313.
58. Semret, M.,, G. Koromihis,, J. D. MacLean,, M. Libman,, and B. J. Ward. 1999. Mycobacterium ulcerans infection (Buruli ulcer): first reported case in a traveler. Am. J. Trap. Med. Hyg. 61: 689– 693.
59. Smith, J. H. 1970. Epidemiologic observations on cases of Buruli ulcer seen in a hospital in the Lower Congo. Am. f. Trop. Med. Hyg. 19: 657– 663.
60. Smith, P. G.,, W. D. Revill,, E. Lukwago,, and Y. P. Rykushin. 1977. The protective effect of BCG against Mycobacterium ulcerans disease: a controlled trial in an endemic area of Uganda. Trans. R. Soc. Trap. Med. Hyg. 70: 449– 457.
61. Stanford, J. L.,, and R. C. Paul. 1976. A preliminary study of the effect of contact with environmental mycobacteria on the pattern of sensitivity to a range of new tuberculins amongst Ugandan adults. J. Hyg. 76: 205– 214.
62. Stanford, J. L.,, W. D. Revill,, W. J. Gunthorpe,, and J. M. Grange. 1975. The production and preliminary investigation of Burulin, a new skin test reagent for Mycobacterium ulcerans infection. J. Hyg. 74: 7– 16.
63. Stinear, T.,, J. K. Davies,, G. A. Jenkin,, J. A. Hayman,, F. Oppedisano,, and P. D. Johnson. 2000. Identification of Mycobacterium ulcerans in the environment from regions in southeast Australia in which it is endemic with sequence capture-PCR. Appl. Environ. Microbial. 66: 3206– 3213.
64. Stinear, T.,, J. K. Davies,, G. A. Jenkin,, F. Portaels,, B. C. Ross,, F. Oppedisano,, M. Purcell,, J. A. Hayman,, and P. D. Johnson. 2000. A simple PCR method for rapid genotype analysis of Mycobacterium ulcerans. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38: 1482– 1487.
65. Thangaraj, H. S.,, M. R. Evans,, and M. H. Wansbrough-Jones. 1999. Mycobacterium ulcerans disease; Buruli ulcer. Trans. R. Soc. Trap. Med. Hyg. 93: 337– 340.
66. Tsukamura, M. 1983. Numerical classification of 280 strains of slowly growing mycobacteria. Proposal of Mycobacterium tuberculosis series, Mycobacterium avium series, and Mycobacterium nonchromogenicum series. Microbiol. Immunol. 27: 315– 334.
67. van der Werf, T. S.,, W. T. van der Graaf,, J. W. Tappero,, and K. Asiedu. 1999. Mycobacterium ulcerans infection. Lancet 354: 1013– 1018.
68. Walsh, D. S.,, W. M. Meyers,, R. E. Krieg,, and G. P. Walsh. 1999. Transmission of Mycobacterium ulcerans to the nine-banded armadillo. Am.J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 61: 694– 697.

Tables

Mycobacterium ulcerans Infection and Buruli Ulcer Disease: Emergence of a Public Health Dilemma
[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/author/10.1128/9781555816988.chap9-1,webId=/content/author/10.1128/9781555816988.chap9-1,properties={foaf_givenname=C., foaf_name=C. Harold King, foaf_surname=Harold King, pub_isAffiliatedWith=[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/affiliation/10.1128/9781555816988.chap9-aff1]]}], com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/author/10.1128/9781555816988.chap9-2,webId=/content/author/10.1128/9781555816988.chap9-2,properties={foaf_givenname=Karen M., foaf_name=Karen M. Dobos, foaf_surname=Dobos, pub_isAffiliatedWith=[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/affiliation/10.1128/9781555816988.chap9-aff1]]}], com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/author/10.1128/9781555816988.chap9-3,webId=/content/author/10.1128/9781555816988.chap9-3,properties={foaf_givenname=David A., foaf_name=David A. Ashford, foaf_surname=Ashford, pub_isAffiliatedWith=[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/affiliation/10.1128/9781555816988.chap9-aff2]]}], com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/author/10.1128/9781555816988.chap9-4,webId=/content/author/10.1128/9781555816988.chap9-4,properties={foaf_givenname=Ellen A., foaf_name=Ellen A. Spotts Whitney, foaf_surname=Spotts Whitney, pub_isAffiliatedWith=[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/affiliation/10.1128/9781555816988.chap9-aff2]]}], com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/author/10.1128/9781555816988.chap9-5,webId=/content/author/10.1128/9781555816988.chap9-5,properties={foaf_givenname=Pratima L., foaf_name=Pratima L. Raghunathan, foaf_surname=Raghunathan, pub_isAffiliatedWith=[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/affiliation/10.1128/9781555816988.chap9-aff2]]}], com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/author/10.1128/9781555816988.chap9-6,webId=/content/author/10.1128/9781555816988.chap9-6,properties={foaf_givenname=Jeannette, foaf_name=Jeannette Guarner, foaf_surname=Guarner, pub_isAffiliatedWith=[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/affiliation/10.1128/9781555816988.chap9-aff2]]}], com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/author/10.1128/9781555816988.chap9-7,webId=/content/author/10.1128/9781555816988.chap9-7,properties={foaf_givenname=Jordan W., foaf_name=Jordan W. Tappero, foaf_surname=Tappero, pub_isAffiliatedWith=[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/affiliation/10.1128/9781555816988.chap9-aff3]]}]]
Citation: Harold King C, Dobos K, Ashford D, Spotts Whitney E, Raghunathan P, Guarner J, Tappero J. 2001. Mycobacterium ulcerans Infection and Buruli Ulcer Disease: Emergence of a Public Health Dilemma, p 137-152. In Scheld W, Craig W, Hughes J (ed), Emerging Infections 5. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816988.ch9
/content/10.1128/9781555816988.chap9.tab9-1
Table 1

Candidate serodiagnostic proteins from CF

10.1128/9781555816988/tab9-1_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555816988/tab9-1.gif
Generic image for table
Table 1

Candidate serodiagnostic proteins from CF

Citation: Harold King C, Dobos K, Ashford D, Spotts Whitney E, Raghunathan P, Guarner J, Tappero J. 2001. Mycobacterium ulcerans Infection and Buruli Ulcer Disease: Emergence of a Public Health Dilemma, p 137-152. In Scheld W, Craig W, Hughes J (ed), Emerging Infections 5. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555816988.ch9

Back to top
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Please check the format of the address you have entered.
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error