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Chapter 34 : Paradoxical Reactions and the Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome
Authors:
Preston Church1,
Marc A. Judson2
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Affiliations:
1: Ralph H. Johnson VAMC, Charleston, SC 29425;
2: Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, CSB-812, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
Content Type: Monograph
Publication Year:
2011
Category: Clinical Microbiology; Bacterial Pathogenesis
Book DOI:
10.1128/9781555817138
Chapter DOI:
10.1128/9781555817138.ch34
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Paradoxical Reactions and the Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome, Page 1 of 2
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Abstract:
Paradoxical reactions may occur in up to 25% of patients treated for tuberculous lymphadenitis, characterized by new or enlarging lymphadenopathy, which may be tender or painful. The frequency of paradoxical reactions in this setting is unknown but was 50% (4 of 8) in one series. Corticosteroids are probably indicated for severe pleural and most central nervous system (CNS) paradoxical reactions to manage symptoms and CNS edema. Although the heightened granulomatous response from highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) would help clear mycobacterial organisms, the granulomatous inflammation itself may cause significant damage, thus resulting in immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). Management of IRIS due to Mycobacterium avium complex disease should be directed at treating the infection and managing symptoms. The major difference is that the antigens responsible for granulomatous inflammation in tuberculosis (TB) are peptides resulting from digestion and processing of the microorganism, whereas in sarcoidosis the putative antigens are unknown. New-onset sarcoidosis is rare in HIV-infected patients. This can probably be explained by the HIV-induced alteration in cell-mediated immunity described. However, several cases of sarcoidosis have been reported after initiation of HAART. The pathogenesis of this condition is likely to be very similar to the paradoxical reactions seen in HAART-treated HIV-infected patients with TB.
Citation:
Church P, Judson M.
2011.
Paradoxical Reactions and the Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome,
p 509-521.
In
Schlossberg D (ed),
Tuberculosis and Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections, Sixth Edition.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817138.ch34
Figures
Paradoxical Reactions and the Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome
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Citation:
Church P, Judson M.
2011.
Paradoxical Reactions and the Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome,
p 509-521.
In
Schlossberg D (ed),
Tuberculosis and Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections, Sixth Edition.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817138.ch34
/content/10.1128/9781555817138.ch34.ch34fig01
Figure 1.
Chest X ray before (A) and 3 months after (B) initiation of antiretroviral therapy, demonstrating a new left hilar mass (arrow). Chest computed tomography scan (C) demonstrates a 2.0- by 2.0- by 2.5-cm heterogeneous mass just anterior to the left upper lobe bronchus. The lung parenchyma is normal, and no mediastinal adenopathy is present.
10.1128/9781555817138/f0512-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555817138/f0512-01.gif
Figure 1.
Chest X ray before (A) and 3 months after (B) initiation of antiretroviral therapy, demonstrating a new left hilar mass (arrow). Chest computed tomography scan (C) demonstrates a 2.0- by 2.0- by 2.5-cm heterogeneous mass just anterior to the left upper lobe bronchus. The lung parenchyma is normal, and no mediastinal adenopathy is present.
Citation:
Church P, Judson M.
2011.
Paradoxical Reactions and the Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome,
p 509-521.
In
Schlossberg D (ed),
Tuberculosis and Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections, Sixth Edition.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817138.ch34
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Tables
Paradoxical Reactions and the Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome
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Citation:
Church P, Judson M.
2011.
Paradoxical Reactions and the Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome,
p 509-521.
In
Schlossberg D (ed),
Tuberculosis and Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections, Sixth Edition.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817138.ch34
/content/10.1128/9781555817138.ch34.ch34table01
Table 1.
Clinical features: TB, paradoxical reaction and IRIS
Table 1.
Clinical features: TB, paradoxical reaction and IRIS
Citation:
Church P, Judson M.
2011.
Paradoxical Reactions and the Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome,
p 509-521.
In
Schlossberg D (ed),
Tuberculosis and Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections, Sixth Edition.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817138.ch34
/content/10.1128/9781555817138.ch34.ch34table02
Table 2.
Incidence: TB, paradoxical reaction, and IRIS
Table 2.
Incidence: TB, paradoxical reaction, and IRIS
Citation:
Church P, Judson M.
2011.
Paradoxical Reactions and the Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome,
p 509-521.
In
Schlossberg D (ed),
Tuberculosis and Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections, Sixth Edition.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817138.ch34
/content/10.1128/9781555817138.ch34.ch34table03
Table 3.
Sarcoidosis and IRIS case reports
Table 3.
Sarcoidosis and IRIS case reports
Citation:
Church P, Judson M.
2011.
Paradoxical Reactions and the Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome,
p 509-521.
In
Schlossberg D (ed),
Tuberculosis and Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections, Sixth Edition.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817138.ch34