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Chapter 11 : Cryospheric Environments in Polar Regions (Glaciers and Ice Sheets, Sea Ice, and Ice Shelves)
Authors:
Mark Skidmore1,
Anne Jungblut2,
Matthew Urschel3,
Karen Junge4
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Affiliations:
1: Department of Earth Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717;
2: Department of Botany, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom;
3: Department of Microbiology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717;
4: Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, 1013 NE 40th Street, Seattle, WA 98105
Content Type: Monograph
Publication Year:
2012
Category: Environmental Microbiology
Book DOI:
10.1128/9781555817183
Chapter DOI:
10.1128/9781555817183.ch11
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Abstract:
This chapter focuses on glaciers and ice sheets, sea ice, and ice shelves of the polar regions, i.e., those latitudes above the Arctic and Antarctic Circles where glaciers and ice sheets cover a significant proportion of the land mass and where large expanses of the surface waters of the Arctic and Southern Oceans undergo an annual cycle of freezing and melting. This chapter further introduces sea ice as a microbial habitat and summarizes from some of the aforementioned reviews what is known to date about the abundance, activity, diversity, and ecology of prokaryotic sea-ice microorganisms. It provides a brief outline of the role of microorganisms in biogeochemical cycling of elements in sea ice. The majority of bacteria isolated from sea ice are pigmented and highly cold adapted, with some able to form gas vesicles. Possible cold-adaptation strategies revealed by whole-genome sequence analysis also include the production of cryoprotective osmolytes and exopolymers. Polar ice shelves are thick masses of ice floating on the ocean. They are formed through glacial ice and ice sheets pushing onto the sea or long-term accumulations of sea ice. Analysis of ice-shelf heterotrophic bacteria and microbial eukaryotes suggests phylogenetic affiliation with taxa from diverse environments and climatic zones ranging from Antarctica and other cryosphere habitats to temperate ecozones. Microbial investigations on polar glaciers, ice sheets, and ice shelves are still largely in their infancy, with sea-ice research being somewhat more established.
Citation:
Skidmore M, Jungblut A, Urschel M, Junge K.
2012.
Cryospheric Environments in Polar Regions (Glaciers and Ice Sheets, Sea Ice, and Ice Shelves),
p 218-239.
In
Miller R, Whyte L (ed),
Polar Microbiology: Life in a Deep Freeze.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817183.ch11
Key Concept Ranking
- Microbial Ecology
- 0.52944785
- Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction to Ammonia
- 0.43485525
- Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism
- 0.41286388
0.52944785
Figures
Cryospheric Environments in Polar Regions (Glaciers and Ice Sheets, Sea Ice, and Ice Shelves)
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Citation:
Skidmore M, Jungblut A, Urschel M, Junge K.
2012.
Cryospheric Environments in Polar Regions (Glaciers and Ice Sheets, Sea Ice, and Ice Shelves),
p 218-239.
In
Miller R, Whyte L (ed),
Polar Microbiology: Life in a Deep Freeze.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817183.ch11
/content/10.1128/9781555817183.chap11.fig11-1
FIGURE 1
Cryoconite holes, John Evans Glacier, Nunavut, Canadian High Arctic. (a) Cryoconite with frozen lid. (b) Partially open cryoconite. (c) Open cryoconite. (d) Transition zone from individual cryoconite holes to broader zones of debris-covered surficial ice. (Photo credit: M. Skidmore.)
10.1128/9781555817183/fig11-1_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555817183/fig11-1.gif
FIGURE 1
Cryoconite holes, John Evans Glacier, Nunavut, Canadian High Arctic. (a) Cryoconite with frozen lid. (b) Partially open cryoconite. (c) Open cryoconite. (d) Transition zone from individual cryoconite holes to broader zones of debris-covered surficial ice. (Photo credit: M. Skidmore.)
Citation:
Skidmore M, Jungblut A, Urschel M, Junge K.
2012.
Cryospheric Environments in Polar Regions (Glaciers and Ice Sheets, Sea Ice, and Ice Shelves),
p 218-239.
In
Miller R, Whyte L (ed),
Polar Microbiology: Life in a Deep Freeze.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817183.ch11
/content/10.1128/9781555817183.chap11.fig11-2
FIGURE 2
Subglacial stream sampling, John Evans Glacier, Nunavut, Canadian High Arctic. (Photo credit: M. Skidmore.)
10.1128/9781555817183/fig11-2_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555817183/fig11-2.gif
FIGURE 2
Subglacial stream sampling, John Evans Glacier, Nunavut, Canadian High Arctic. (Photo credit: M. Skidmore.)
Citation:
Skidmore M, Jungblut A, Urschel M, Junge K.
2012.
Cryospheric Environments in Polar Regions (Glaciers and Ice Sheets, Sea Ice, and Ice Shelves),
p 218-239.
In
Miller R, Whyte L (ed),
Polar Microbiology: Life in a Deep Freeze.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817183.ch11
/content/10.1128/9781555817183.chap11.fig11-3
FIGURE 3
Taylor Glacier, Antarctica. (a) Debris-rich basal ice outcrops on northern margin. (b) Tunnel to access debris-rich ice. (c) Cutting a vertical profile into the debris-rich ice in the ice tunnel. (Photo credits: panels a and b, M. Skidmore; panel c, B. Christner.)
10.1128/9781555817183/fig11-3_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555817183/fig11-3.gif
FIGURE 3
Taylor Glacier, Antarctica. (a) Debris-rich basal ice outcrops on northern margin. (b) Tunnel to access debris-rich ice. (c) Cutting a vertical profile into the debris-rich ice in the ice tunnel. (Photo credits: panels a and b, M. Skidmore; panel c, B. Christner.)
Citation:
Skidmore M, Jungblut A, Urschel M, Junge K.
2012.
Cryospheric Environments in Polar Regions (Glaciers and Ice Sheets, Sea Ice, and Ice Shelves),
p 218-239.
In
Miller R, Whyte L (ed),
Polar Microbiology: Life in a Deep Freeze.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817183.ch11
/content/10.1128/9781555817183.chap11.fig11-4
FIGURE 4
(Left) Scanning electron microscopy image of the brine channels system in columnar sea ice made visible by filling the system with epoxy resin under a vacuum. (Right) In situ microscopic images of (a) ice crystals and brine pockets and (b) detail of a brine pocket in panel a that harbors bacteria stained with the blue DNA stain 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole in panel c. (Left image from Alfred-Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany; reprinted from Mock and Junge [2007] with permission of the publisher. Right images adapted from Junge et al. [2001] with permission of the publisher.)
10.1128/9781555817183/fig11-4_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555817183/fig11-4.gif
FIGURE 4
(Left) Scanning electron microscopy image of the brine channels system in columnar sea ice made visible by filling the system with epoxy resin under a vacuum. (Right) In situ microscopic images of (a) ice crystals and brine pockets and (b) detail of a brine pocket in panel a that harbors bacteria stained with the blue DNA stain 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole in panel c. (Left image from Alfred-Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany; reprinted from Mock and Junge [2007] with permission of the publisher. Right images adapted from Junge et al. [2001] with permission of the publisher.)
Citation:
Skidmore M, Jungblut A, Urschel M, Junge K.
2012.
Cryospheric Environments in Polar Regions (Glaciers and Ice Sheets, Sea Ice, and Ice Shelves),
p 218-239.
In
Miller R, Whyte L (ed),
Polar Microbiology: Life in a Deep Freeze.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817183.ch11
/content/10.1128/9781555817183.chap11.fig11-5
FIGURE 5
Vertical gradients of temperature, salt content, brine volume, and irradiance (Io) through sea ice. These general patterns may vary due to changes in temperature. (Adapted from Mock and Junge [2007] with permission of the publisher.)
10.1128/9781555817183/fig11-5_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555817183/fig11-5.gif
FIGURE 5
Vertical gradients of temperature, salt content, brine volume, and irradiance (Io) through sea ice. These general patterns may vary due to changes in temperature. (Adapted from Mock and Junge [2007] with permission of the publisher.)
Citation:
Skidmore M, Jungblut A, Urschel M, Junge K.
2012.
Cryospheric Environments in Polar Regions (Glaciers and Ice Sheets, Sea Ice, and Ice Shelves),
p 218-239.
In
Miller R, Whyte L (ed),
Polar Microbiology: Life in a Deep Freeze.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817183.ch11
/content/10.1128/9781555817183.chap11.fig11-6
FIGURE 6
Network of supraglacial lakes and ponds on the McMurdo Ice Shelf near Bratina Island, Antarctica. (Photo credit: A. Jungblut.)
10.1128/9781555817183/fig11-6_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555817183/fig11-6.gif
FIGURE 6
Network of supraglacial lakes and ponds on the McMurdo Ice Shelf near Bratina Island, Antarctica. (Photo credit: A. Jungblut.)
Citation:
Skidmore M, Jungblut A, Urschel M, Junge K.
2012.
Cryospheric Environments in Polar Regions (Glaciers and Ice Sheets, Sea Ice, and Ice Shelves),
p 218-239.
In
Miller R, Whyte L (ed),
Polar Microbiology: Life in a Deep Freeze.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817183.ch11
/content/10.1128/9781555817183.chap11.fig11-7
FIGURE 7
Highly pigmented cyanobacteria-dominated microbial mats from a supraglacial pond on the McMurdo Ice Shelf, Antarctica. (Photo credit: A. Jungblut.)
10.1128/9781555817183/fig11-7_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555817183/fig11-7.gif
FIGURE 7
Highly pigmented cyanobacteria-dominated microbial mats from a supraglacial pond on the McMurdo Ice Shelf, Antarctica. (Photo credit: A. Jungblut.)
Citation:
Skidmore M, Jungblut A, Urschel M, Junge K.
2012.
Cryospheric Environments in Polar Regions (Glaciers and Ice Sheets, Sea Ice, and Ice Shelves),
p 218-239.
In
Miller R, Whyte L (ed),
Polar Microbiology: Life in a Deep Freeze.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817183.ch11
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