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Chapter 5 : Microbial Transformations of Arsenic in the Subsurface
Authors:
Jonathan R. Lloyd1,
Andrew G. Gault2,
Marina Héry3,
Jean D. MacRae4
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Affiliations:
1: School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences and Williamson Research Centre for Molecular Environmental Science, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom;
2: Department of Geological Sciences and Geological Engineering, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada;
3: HydroSciences UMR 5569 CNRS—Universités Montpellier I and II—IRD, Place Eugene Bataillon, CC MSE, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France;
4: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469-5711
Content Type: Monograph
Publication Year:
2011
Category: Applied and Industrial Microbiology; Environmental Microbiology
Book DOI:
10.1128/9781555817190
Chapter DOI:
10.1128/9781555817190.ch5
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Abstract:
This chapter describes the biochemical basis of microbial-metalloid interactions with emphasis on energy-yielding redox biotransformations that cycle between the As(V) and As(III) oxidation states. A particular focus is the microbial reduction of As(V) that is sorbed onto subsurface sediments, and the subsequent mobilization of As(III) into water that is abstracted for drinking and irrigation. The reduction of As(V) by Geobacter uraniireducens clearly has a number of important environmental implications. This organism is the first member of the family Geobacteraceae to be shown to reduce As(V) and this activity is supported by the identification of genes potentially encoding a respiratory arsenate reductase. Genetic studies are needed to confirm the role of these genes in arsenic metabolism in G. uraniireducens, and explore the diversity of As(V)-reducing Geobacter species and the ecophysiology of organisms in arsenic-impacted subsurface sediments. Recent studies highlight that metal-reducing bacteria, especially dissimilatory As(V)-respiring bacteria, may play an important role in the microbial process. The microbiological focus of research in this area is shifting now toward the unequivocal identification of the organisms involved, which will in turn lead to studies on the underlying mechanisms at a molecular (genetic) level and the factors that result in the activation of these physiological processes in situ. Recent studies suggest that sulfate reduction can be supported even in very low carbon aquifer sediments that contain low concentrations of electron donor, resulting in removal of arsenic mobilized by dissimilatory metal reduction.
Citation:
Lloyd J, Gault A, Héry M, MacRae J.
2011.
Microbial Transformations of Arsenic in the Subsurface,
p 77-90.
In
Stolz J, Oremland R (ed),
Microbial Metal and Metalloid Metabolism.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817190.ch5
Figures
Microbial Transformations of Arsenic in the Subsurface
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Citation:
Lloyd J, Gault A, Héry M, MacRae J.
2011.
Microbial Transformations of Arsenic in the Subsurface,
p 77-90.
In
Stolz J, Oremland R (ed),
Microbial Metal and Metalloid Metabolism.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817190.ch5
/content/10.1128/9781555817190.ch05.ch05fig01
FIGURE 1
Biochemical transformations of arsenic oxyanions by microbial cells. 10.1128/9781555817190.ch5.f1
10.1128/9781555817190/f0078-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555817190/f0078-01.gif
FIGURE 1
Biochemical transformations of arsenic oxyanions by microbial cells. 10.1128/9781555817190.ch5.f1
Citation:
Lloyd J, Gault A, Héry M, MacRae J.
2011.
Microbial Transformations of Arsenic in the Subsurface,
p 77-90.
In
Stolz J, Oremland R (ed),
Microbial Metal and Metalloid Metabolism.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817190.ch5
/content/10.1128/9781555817190.ch05.ch05fig02
FIGURE 2
Microbial interactions with arsenic in subsurface sediments. 10.1128/9781555817190.ch5.f2
10.1128/9781555817190/f0080-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555817190/f0080-01.gif
FIGURE 2
Microbial interactions with arsenic in subsurface sediments. 10.1128/9781555817190.ch5.f2
Citation:
Lloyd J, Gault A, Héry M, MacRae J.
2011.
Microbial Transformations of Arsenic in the Subsurface,
p 77-90.
In
Stolz J, Oremland R (ed),
Microbial Metal and Metalloid Metabolism.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817190.ch5
/content/10.1128/9781555817190.ch05.ch05fig03
FIGURE 3
ArrA phylogenetic tree based on 203 amino acid sequences using the neighbor-joining method and the Dayhoff model. The “Cambodian cluster” contains sequences derived from arrA clones from stable isotope-probing experiments using 13C-labeled acetate (
Lear et al., 2007
); the “West Bengal cluster” contains sequences derived from arrA clones from low organic carbon sediments supporting As(V) reduction and mobilization (
Héry et al., 2010
). 10.1128/9781555817190.ch5.3
10.1128/9781555817190/f0084-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555817190/f0084-01.gif
FIGURE 3
ArrA phylogenetic tree based on 203 amino acid sequences using the neighbor-joining method and the Dayhoff model. The “Cambodian cluster” contains sequences derived from arrA clones from stable isotope-probing experiments using 13C-labeled acetate ( Lear et al., 2007 ); the “West Bengal cluster” contains sequences derived from arrA clones from low organic carbon sediments supporting As(V) reduction and mobilization ( Héry et al., 2010 ). 10.1128/9781555817190.ch5.3
Citation:
Lloyd J, Gault A, Héry M, MacRae J.
2011.
Microbial Transformations of Arsenic in the Subsurface,
p 77-90.
In
Stolz J, Oremland R (ed),
Microbial Metal and Metalloid Metabolism.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817190.ch5
/content/10.1128/9781555817190.ch05.ch05fig04
FIGURE 4
Change in dissolved arsenic speciation in cultures inoculated with G. uraniireducens amended with 0.5 mM As(V): As(V) (•) and As(III) (○). The mean and one standard deviation from experiments conducted in triplicate are displayed. 10.1128/9781555817190.ch5.f4
10.1128/9781555817190/f0086-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555817190/f0086-01.gif
FIGURE 4
Change in dissolved arsenic speciation in cultures inoculated with G. uraniireducens amended with 0.5 mM As(V): As(V) (•) and As(III) (○). The mean and one standard deviation from experiments conducted in triplicate are displayed. 10.1128/9781555817190.ch5.f4
Citation:
Lloyd J, Gault A, Héry M, MacRae J.
2011.
Microbial Transformations of Arsenic in the Subsurface,
p 77-90.
In
Stolz J, Oremland R (ed),
Microbial Metal and Metalloid Metabolism.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817190.ch5
/content/10.1128/9781555817190.ch05.ch05fig05
FIGURE 5
Release of dissolved arsenic species by resting cells incubated with 10 mM ferrihydrite and 100 mM sodium arsenate. (A) Dissolved arsenic and iron in G. uraniireducens (Gu) and G. sulfurreducens (Gs) cultures. (B) Dissolved As(III) (○) and As(V) (•) in G. uraniireducens cultures. All experiments were done in triplicate; error bars indicate one standard deviation. 10.1128/9781555817190.ch5.f5
10.1128/9781555817190/f0087-01_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555817190/f0087-01.gif
FIGURE 5
Release of dissolved arsenic species by resting cells incubated with 10 mM ferrihydrite and 100 mM sodium arsenate. (A) Dissolved arsenic and iron in G. uraniireducens (Gu) and G. sulfurreducens (Gs) cultures. (B) Dissolved As(III) (○) and As(V) (•) in G. uraniireducens cultures. All experiments were done in triplicate; error bars indicate one standard deviation. 10.1128/9781555817190.ch5.f5
Citation:
Lloyd J, Gault A, Héry M, MacRae J.
2011.
Microbial Transformations of Arsenic in the Subsurface,
p 77-90.
In
Stolz J, Oremland R (ed),
Microbial Metal and Metalloid Metabolism.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817190.ch5
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