Genome Plasticity of Aspergillus Species

Thorsten Heinekamp; Axel A. Brakhage

doi:10.1128/9781555817213.ch19

Chapter 19 : Genome Plasticity of Aspergillus Species

Authors: Thorsten Heinekamp¹, Axel A. Brakhage²

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Affiliations: 1: Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology—Hans Knöll Institute, and Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany; 2: Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology—Hans Knöll Institute, and Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany

Content Type: Monograph

Publication Year: 2012

Category: Microbial Genetics and Molecular Biology; Genomics and Bioinformatics

Book DOI: 10.1128/9781555817213

Chapter DOI: 10.1128/9781555817213.ch19

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Abstract:

The chapter on genome plasticity of Aspergillus species focuses on the genome of various Aspergillus species. Aspergilli have an important impact on humankind, both beneficial and detrimental. On the one hand, some Aspergillus species are used industrially for the production or refinement of beverages, enzymes, food additives, or pharmaceuticals. The main genome features of fully sequenced Aspergillus genomes are summarized. The likelihood of finding genes belonging to these functional categories in the chromosomal center is six times higher than that of finding them within the subtelomeric regions. The function of most secondary metabolites in the producing organism is not known yet. As biologically active compounds they might protect the fungus against other soil inhabitants and may also contribute to weakening of the host immune system. Genes involved in the production of secondary metabolites are often organized in a cluster. Many of the clusters for biosynthesis of secondary metabolites contain regulatory genes. Secondary metabolite gene clusters are located predominantly in plasticity zones; in A. fumigatus only the DHN melanin biosynthesis cluster and the Pes-1-associated cluster are not part of a plasticity zone. In eukaryotes, intragenic tandem repeats (ITRs) are not equally distributed in protein-encoding genes but tend to be biased to the end of the protein.

Citation: Heinekamp T, Brakhage A. 2012. Genome Plasticity of Aspergillus Species, p 326-342. In Hacker J, Dobrindt U, Kurth R (ed), Genome Plasticity and Infectious Diseases. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555817213.ch19

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Genome Plasticity of Aspergillus Species

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FIGURE 1

Electron micrograph of an A. fumigatus conidiophore. The conidiophore shows the typical columnar, uniseriate conidial head. Phialides are the conidiogenous cells which produce long chains of conidia in basipetal succession. Micrograph kindly provided by Jeannette Schmaler-Ripcke, Hans Knöll Institute and Center for Electron Microscopy, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany. doi:10.1128/9781555817213.ch19f01

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FIGURE 1

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FIGURE 2

Chromosomal localization of secondary metabolite gene clusters in A. fumigatus. Putative secondary metabolite gene clusters from A. fumigatus were obtained from precomputed results of the Web-based tool SMURF. The positions of secondary metabolite clusters are depicted by arrowheads; the cluster number corresponds to the SMURF prediction. Arrowheads without a number show the positions of single NRPS or PKS genes. Telomeric regions are indicated in gray. doi:10.1128/9781555817213.ch19f02

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FIGURE 2

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Tables

Genome Plasticity of Aspergillus Species

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TABLE 1

List of genome features of different aspergill a

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10.1128/9781555817213/tab19-1.gif

TABLE 1

List of genome features of different aspergill a