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Chapter 5 : Establishing Intracellular Infection: Escape from the Phagosome and Intracellular Colonization ()

Authors: Matthew D. Welch1, Shawna C. O. Reed1, Cat M. Haglund1
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Affiliations: 1: Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
Content Type: Monograph
Publication Year: 2012

Category: Bacterial Pathogenesis

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Abstract:

Much progress has been made in one's understanding of the mechanism of rickettsial actin-based motility, although the process of cell-to-cell spread remains poorly understood. This chapter examines historical and recent developments in our understanding of how rickettsiae establish intracellular infection. The focus is on the three major stages that include: (i) escape from the phagosome, (ii) intracellular growth, and (iii) actinbased motility. Several bacterial activities that may function in membrane disruption have since been discovered, including phospholipase A2 (PLA2), phospholipase D (PLD), and hemolysins (TlyA and TlyC). Each of these activities and its potential role in phagosome escape is discussed in the chapter. Interestingly, the growth kinetics for the spotted fever group rickettsiae (SFGR) species did not follow the simple kinetics observed for the typhus group rickettsiae (TGR) species . The function of intracellular movement is to promote cell-to-cell spread, a process that is discussed in the chapter.

Citation: Welch M, Reed S, Haglund C. 2012. Establishing Intracellular Infection: Escape from the Phagosome and Intracellular Colonization (), p 154-174. In Palmer G, Azad A (ed), Intracellular Pathogens II: . ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555817336.ch5
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Establishing Intracellular Infection: Escape from the Phagosome and Intracellular Colonization (Rickettsiaceae)
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Citation: Welch M, Reed S, Haglund C. 2012. Establishing Intracellular Infection: Escape from the Phagosome and Intracellular Colonization (), p 154-174. In Palmer G, Azad A (ed), Intracellular Pathogens II: . ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555817336.ch5
/content/10.1128/9781555817336.chap5.fig5-1
FIGURE 1

Rickettsial invasion occurs in five stages over the first 20 min of infection. These include (i) adhesion to the host cell plasma membrane, (ii) engulfment, (iii) inclusion in a phagosome, (iv) phagosome lysis, and (v) release into the cytosol. (Artwork adapted from by Taro Ohkawa.)

doi:10.1128/9781555817336.ch5.f1

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FIGURE 1

Rickettsial invasion occurs in five stages over the first 20 min of infection. These include (i) adhesion to the host cell plasma membrane, (ii) engulfment, (iii) inclusion in a phagosome, (iv) phagosome lysis, and (v) release into the cytosol. (Artwork adapted from by Taro Ohkawa.)

doi:10.1128/9781555817336.ch5.f1

Citation: Welch M, Reed S, Haglund C. 2012. Establishing Intracellular Infection: Escape from the Phagosome and Intracellular Colonization (), p 154-174. In Palmer G, Azad A (ed), Intracellular Pathogens II: . ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555817336.ch5
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FIGURE 2

SFGR and TGR have different effects on host cell structure and physiology. (Top left) SFGR species have little effect on host cell ultrastructure at times shortly after infection (24 h). (Bottom left) However, progressive changes occur during longer infections (48 h and beyond), including dilation of the RER and outer nuclear envelope, loss of a distinct Golgi apparatus, and swollen mitochondria. Cells eventually lyse during very long infections (more than 120 h; not shown). (Top right) TGR species are initially observed in small numbers in the cytosol early in infection (30 h), and as infection progresses the number of bacteria increase with no effect on host cell ultrastructure (up to 96 h). (Bottom right) At very late times (96 to 120 h postinfection), host cell lysis and bacterial release occur. (Artwork adapted from and by Taro Ohkawa.)

doi:10.1128/9781555817336.ch5.f2

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10.1128/9781555817336/fig5-2.gif
Image of FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2

SFGR and TGR have different effects on host cell structure and physiology. (Top left) SFGR species have little effect on host cell ultrastructure at times shortly after infection (24 h). (Bottom left) However, progressive changes occur during longer infections (48 h and beyond), including dilation of the RER and outer nuclear envelope, loss of a distinct Golgi apparatus, and swollen mitochondria. Cells eventually lyse during very long infections (more than 120 h; not shown). (Top right) TGR species are initially observed in small numbers in the cytosol early in infection (30 h), and as infection progresses the number of bacteria increase with no effect on host cell ultrastructure (up to 96 h). (Bottom right) At very late times (96 to 120 h postinfection), host cell lysis and bacterial release occur. (Artwork adapted from and by Taro Ohkawa.)

doi:10.1128/9781555817336.ch5.f2

Citation: Welch M, Reed S, Haglund C. 2012. Establishing Intracellular Infection: Escape from the Phagosome and Intracellular Colonization (), p 154-174. In Palmer G, Azad A (ed), Intracellular Pathogens II: . ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555817336.ch5
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FIGURE 3

and actin comet tails are different in appearance and actin organization. Top panels show bacteria (blue) and actin (red) visualized by fluorescence microscopy, whereas bottom panels depict actin organization. (Left) SFGR comet tails are relatively straight, consist of a helical arrangement of actin bundles (top), and are composed of long parallel filaments (bottom). In contrast, comet tails are uniform in appearance (top) and are composed of short filaments organized into a dense meshwork (bottom). Bar (top panels), 5 µm. (Artwork adapted from by Taro Ohkawa.)

doi:10.1128/9781555817336.ch5.f3

10.1128/9781555817336/fig5-3_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555817336/fig5-3.gif
Image of FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3

and actin comet tails are different in appearance and actin organization. Top panels show bacteria (blue) and actin (red) visualized by fluorescence microscopy, whereas bottom panels depict actin organization. (Left) SFGR comet tails are relatively straight, consist of a helical arrangement of actin bundles (top), and are composed of long parallel filaments (bottom). In contrast, comet tails are uniform in appearance (top) and are composed of short filaments organized into a dense meshwork (bottom). Bar (top panels), 5 µm. (Artwork adapted from by Taro Ohkawa.)

doi:10.1128/9781555817336.ch5.f3

Citation: Welch M, Reed S, Haglund C. 2012. Establishing Intracellular Infection: Escape from the Phagosome and Intracellular Colonization (), p 154-174. In Palmer G, Azad A (ed), Intracellular Pathogens II: . ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555817336.ch5
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FIGURE 4

The life cycle of SFGR observed from invasion through cell-to-cell spread. From right to left, the stages include adhesion and engulfment, inclusion in a phagosome, phagosome lysis, release into the cytosol, bacterial growth, actin-based motility, movement into a protrusion, engulfment by a neighboring cell, inclusion in a double-membrane vacuole, vacuole lysis, and release into the cytosol of the second cell. (Artwork by Taro Ohkawa.)

doi:10.1128/9781555817336.ch5.f4

10.1128/9781555817336/fig5-4_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555817336/fig5-4.gif
Image of FIGURE 4
FIGURE 4

The life cycle of SFGR observed from invasion through cell-to-cell spread. From right to left, the stages include adhesion and engulfment, inclusion in a phagosome, phagosome lysis, release into the cytosol, bacterial growth, actin-based motility, movement into a protrusion, engulfment by a neighboring cell, inclusion in a double-membrane vacuole, vacuole lysis, and release into the cytosol of the second cell. (Artwork by Taro Ohkawa.)

doi:10.1128/9781555817336.ch5.f4

Citation: Welch M, Reed S, Haglund C. 2012. Establishing Intracellular Infection: Escape from the Phagosome and Intracellular Colonization (), p 154-174. In Palmer G, Azad A (ed), Intracellular Pathogens II: . ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555817336.ch5
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Tables

Establishing Intracellular Infection: Escape from the Phagosome and Intracellular Colonization (Rickettsiaceae)
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Citation: Welch M, Reed S, Haglund C. 2012. Establishing Intracellular Infection: Escape from the Phagosome and Intracellular Colonization (), p 154-174. In Palmer G, Azad A (ed), Intracellular Pathogens II: . ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555817336.ch5
/content/10.1128/9781555817336.chap5.tab5-1
TABLE 1

Bacterial factors implicated in phagosome escape

10.1128/9781555817336/tab5-1_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555817336/tab5-1.gif
Generic image for table
TABLE 1

Bacterial factors implicated in phagosome escape

Citation: Welch M, Reed S, Haglund C. 2012. Establishing Intracellular Infection: Escape from the Phagosome and Intracellular Colonization (), p 154-174. In Palmer G, Azad A (ed), Intracellular Pathogens II: . ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555817336.ch5
/content/10.1128/9781555817336.chap5.tab5-2
TABLE 2

Bacterial factors implicated in actin-based motility

10.1128/9781555817336/tab5-2_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555817336/tab5-2.gif
Generic image for table
TABLE 2

Bacterial factors implicated in actin-based motility

Citation: Welch M, Reed S, Haglund C. 2012. Establishing Intracellular Infection: Escape from the Phagosome and Intracellular Colonization (), p 154-174. In Palmer G, Azad A (ed), Intracellular Pathogens II: . ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555817336.ch5
/content/10.1128/9781555817336.chap5.tab5-3
TABLE 3

Host cell factors implicated in actin-based motility

10.1128/9781555817336/tab5-3_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555817336/tab5-3.gif
Generic image for table
TABLE 3

Host cell factors implicated in actin-based motility

Citation: Welch M, Reed S, Haglund C. 2012. Establishing Intracellular Infection: Escape from the Phagosome and Intracellular Colonization (), p 154-174. In Palmer G, Azad A (ed), Intracellular Pathogens II: . ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555817336.ch5

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