Immunoassays for Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases*

Elitza S. Theel; A. Betts Carpenter; Matthew J. Binnicker

doi:10.1128/9781555817381.ch7

Chapter 7 : Immunoassays for Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases*

Authors: Elitza S. Theel, A. Betts Carpenter, Matthew J. Binnicker

Content Type: Reference

Publication Year: 2015

Category: Clinical Microbiology

Book DOI: 10.1128/9781555817381

Chapter DOI: 10.1128/9781555817381.ch7

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Immunoassays for Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases*, Page 1 of 2

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Abstract:

By definition, immunoassays are biochemical assays that detect the presence of an analyte, either antibody or antigen, using labeled antibodies as the analytical reagent. Immunoassays can be adapted for detection of analytes across laboratory disciplines and are often more cost-effective than other diagnostic methods. In the clinical microbiology laboratory, immunoassays often serve as confirmatory tests, and therefore the results are typically not intended to be used as the sole basis on which a diagnosis is made. However, for certain infectious diseases, including Lyme disease, cryptococcal meningitis, and syphilis, antibody and antigen detection by immunoassays is the primary means by which the infection is established. Due to their ease of use, rapid turnaround time, and generally high specificity, immunoassays are increasingly becoming available for point-of-care testing. This chapter summarizes the common immunologic testing methods currently used in clinical microbiology laboratories and their application for the diagnosis of infectious diseases. The discussion emphasizes general assay design, with important caveats relevant to test development and interpretation. While some examples relating to clinical testing are included, for an in-depth, pathogen-focused discussion, the reader is directed to the designated chapters in this Manual.

Citation: Theel E, Carpenter A, Binnicker M. 2015. Immunoassays for Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases*, p 91-105. In Jorgensen J, Pfaller M, Carroll K, Funke G, Landry M, Richter S, Warnock D (ed), Manual of Clinical Microbiology, Eleventh Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555817381.ch7

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Immunoassays for Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases*

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FIGURE 1

Precipitin curve showing the zone of equivalence, prozone phenomenon, and postzone phenomenon. doi:1128/9781555817381.ch7.f1

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10.1128/9781555817381/9781555817381.ch7.f1.gif

FIGURE 1

Precipitin curve showing the zone of equivalence, prozone phenomenon, and postzone phenomenon. doi:1128/9781555817381.ch7.f1

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FIGURE 2

Image of an immunodiffusion reaction. doi:1128/9781555817381.ch7.f2

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FIGURE 2

Image of an immunodiffusion reaction. doi:1128/9781555817381.ch7.f2

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FIGURE 3

Diagram of a direct and an indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA). doi:1128/9781555817381.ch7.f3

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FIGURE 3

Diagram of a direct and an indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA). doi:1128/9781555817381.ch7.f3

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FIGURE 4

Diagram of a competitive EIA. doi:1128/9781555817381.ch7.f4

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FIGURE 4

Diagram of a competitive EIA. doi:1128/9781555817381.ch7.f4

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FIGURE 5

Diagram of a noncompetitive EIA. doi:1128/9781555817381.ch7.f5

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FIGURE 5

Diagram of a noncompetitive EIA. doi:1128/9781555817381.ch7.f5

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FIGURE 6

Diagram of an IgM capture EIA. doi:1128/9781555817381.ch7.f6

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FIGURE 6

Diagram of an IgM capture EIA. doi:1128/9781555817381.ch7.f6

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FIGURE 7

Diagram of the Western blot procedure. doi:1128/9781555817381.ch7.f7

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FIGURE 7

Diagram of the Western blot procedure. doi:1128/9781555817381.ch7.f7

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FIGURE 8

Diagram of a lateral-flow immunoassay (LFA). doi:1128/9781555817381.ch7.f8

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FIGURE 8

Diagram of a lateral-flow immunoassay (LFA). doi:1128/9781555817381.ch7.f8

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Tables

Immunoassays for Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases*

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TABLE 1

Approximate sensitivities of various immunoassays a

TABLE 1

Approximate sensitivities of various immunoassays a

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TABLE 2

Assay performance characteristics

TABLE 2

Assay performance characteristics