Fungi Causing Eumycotic Mycetoma*

Abdalla O. A. Ahmed; G. Sybren De Hoog; Wendy W. J. van de Sande

doi:10.1128/9781555817381.ch125

Chapter 125 : Fungi Causing Eumycotic Mycetoma*

Authors: Abdalla O. A. Ahmed, G. Sybren De Hoog, Wendy W. J. van de Sande

Content Type: Reference

Publication Year: 2015

Category: Clinical Microbiology

Book DOI: 10.1128/9781555817381

Chapter DOI: 10.1128/9781555817381.ch125

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Abstract:

Eumycetoma is a chronic, granulomatous, progressive subcutaneous fungal disease characterized by the production of large masses of fungal organisms called grains, which are discharged through sinus tracts. Eumycetoma is more frequently seen in tropical and subtropical regions and less frequently in temperate countries. Several hyaline and dematiaceous fungi can cause eumycetoma, and their distributions are greatly affected by climate, especially rainfall. The identification of these fungal species is not always easy, and in many cases species identification needs experience and access to special laboratory testing such as PCR and DNA sequencing. Unfortunately, these tests are not always available in areas of endemicity. The management of eumycetoma is difficult, and response to antifungal drugs is always poor. In this chapter, fungi frequently reported from eumycetoma cases are described. The taxonomy of some previously reported species is updated, and new species from well-confirmed cases are also described. In this chapter, the available information about the natural habitat of causative agents, pathogenesis, isolation, identification procedures, and antifungal susceptibility data are discussed.

Citation: Ahmed A, De Hoog G, van de Sande W. 2015. Fungi Causing Eumycotic Mycetoma*, p 2173-2187. In Jorgensen J, Pfaller M, Carroll K, Funke G, Landry M, Richter S, Warnock D (ed), Manual of Clinical Microbiology, Eleventh Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555817381.ch125

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Fungi Causing Eumycotic Mycetoma*

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/content/10.1128/9781555817381.mcm11.ch125.ch125.fig001

FIGURE 1

(Top left) C. lunata. Slide culture on potato dextrose agar showing geniculate conidiogenous cell and septate, curved conidia. Magnification, ×160. doi:10.1128/9781555817381.ch125.f1

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10.1128/9781555817381/9781555817381.ch125.f1.gif

FIGURE 1

(Top left) C. lunata. Slide culture on potato dextrose agar showing geniculate conidiogenous cell and septate, curved conidia. Magnification, ×160. doi:10.1128/9781555817381.ch125.f1

/content/10.1128/9781555817381.mcm11.ch125.ch125.fig002

FIGURE 2

(Top right) C. lunata. Geniculate conidiogenous cell bearing smooth, predominantly four-celled conidia. Magnification, ×160. doi:10.1128/9781555817381.ch125.f2

10.1128/9781555817381/9781555817381.ch125.f2_thmb.gif

10.1128/9781555817381/9781555817381.ch125.f2.gif

FIGURE 2

(Top right) C. lunata. Geniculate conidiogenous cell bearing smooth, predominantly four-celled conidia. Magnification, ×160. doi:10.1128/9781555817381.ch125.f2

/content/10.1128/9781555817381.mcm11.ch125.ch125.fig003

FIGURE 3

(Middle left) M. romeroi. Ostiolate conidiomata (pycnidia) containing numerous cylindric conidia. Magnification, ×250. doi:10.1128/9781555817381.ch125.f3

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10.1128/9781555817381/9781555817381.ch125.f3.gif

FIGURE 3

(Middle left) M. romeroi. Ostiolate conidiomata (pycnidia) containing numerous cylindric conidia. Magnification, ×250. doi:10.1128/9781555817381.ch125.f3

/content/10.1128/9781555817381.mcm11.ch125.ch125.fig004

FIGURE 4

(Middle right) E. jeanselmei. Lateral, septate conidiophore bearing closely annellated conidiogenous cell producing smooth, nonseptate, ellipsoidal to cylindric conidia. Magnification, ×160. doi:10.1128/9781555817381.ch125.f4

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FIGURE 4

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FIGURE 5

(Bottom left) F. falciforme. Slide culture on SDA showing erect, septate conidiophore, phialidic conidiogenous cell, and slightly curved conidia. Magnification, ×160. doi:10.1128/9781555817381.ch125.f5

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FIGURE 5

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FIGURE 6

(Bottom right) M. mycetomatis. Slide culture on soil extract agar showing lateral phialides and globose conidia. Magnification, ×250. doi:10.1128/9781555817381.ch125.f6

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FIGURE 6

(Bottom right) M. mycetomatis. Slide culture on soil extract agar showing lateral phialides and globose conidia. Magnification, ×250. doi:10.1128/9781555817381.ch125.f6

/content/10.1128/9781555817381.mcm11.ch125.ch125.fig007

FIGURE 7

(Top left) N. rosatii. Cross section of an ascocarp showing the ascomatal wall of interwoven hyphae and containing dark asci and ascospores. Magnification, ×250. doi:10.1128/9781555817381.ch125.f7

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10.1128/9781555817381/9781555817381.ch125.f7.gif

FIGURE 7

(Top left) N. rosatii. Cross section of an ascocarp showing the ascomatal wall of interwoven hyphae and containing dark asci and ascospores. Magnification, ×250. doi:10.1128/9781555817381.ch125.f7

/content/10.1128/9781555817381.mcm11.ch125.ch125.fig008

FIGURE 8

(Top right) S. boydii. Globose, nonostiolate, ruptured cleistothecium containing ellipsoid to oblate ascospores. Magnification, ×160. doi:10.1128/9781555817381.ch125.f8

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FIGURE 8

(Top right) S. boydii. Globose, nonostiolate, ruptured cleistothecium containing ellipsoid to oblate ascospores. Magnification, ×160. doi:10.1128/9781555817381.ch125.f8

/content/10.1128/9781555817381.mcm11.ch125.ch125.fig009

FIGURE 9

(Bottom left) S. boydii. Slide culture on potato dextrose agar showing lateral, single, egg-shaped to clavate, truncate conidia. Magnification, ×160. doi:10.1128/9781555817381.ch125.f9

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10.1128/9781555817381/9781555817381.ch125.f9.gif

FIGURE 9

(Bottom left) S. boydii. Slide culture on potato dextrose agar showing lateral, single, egg-shaped to clavate, truncate conidia. Magnification, ×160. doi:10.1128/9781555817381.ch125.f9

/content/10.1128/9781555817381.mcm11.ch125.ch125.fig010

FIGURE 10

(Bottom right) Graphium synanamorph of S. boydii. Slide culture on potato dextrose agar showing ropelike bundles of hyphae producing cylindric, smooth conidia. Magnification, ×160. doi:10.1128/9781555817381.ch125.f10

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FIGURE 10

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Tables

Fungi Causing Eumycotic Mycetoma*

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TABLE 1

Overview of main species causing eumycotic mycetoma

TABLE 1

Overview of main species causing eumycotic mycetoma

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TABLE 2

Current and outdated names of some of species that cause eumycotic mycetoma

TABLE 2

Current and outdated names of some of species that cause eumycotic mycetoma

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TABLE 3

In vitro susceptibilities of mycetoma-causative fungi

TABLE 3

In vitro susceptibilities of mycetoma-causative fungi