Susceptibility Test Methods: Yeasts and Filamentous Fungi*

Elizabeth M. Johnson; Maiken Cavling-Arendrup

doi:10.1128/9781555817381.ch131

Chapter 131 : Susceptibility Test Methods: Yeasts and Filamentous Fungi*

Authors: Elizabeth M. Johnson, Maiken Cavling-Arendrup

Content Type: Reference

Publication Year: 2015

Category: Clinical Microbiology

Book DOI: 10.1128/9781555817381

Chapter DOI: 10.1128/9781555817381.ch131

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Abstract:

While antifungal drug resistance has not proved to be as problematic as that experienced with antibacterial agents, both intrinsic and emergent resistance are encountered and antifungal susceptibility testing can help in the guidance of prescribing practices. Moreover, susceptibility testing is of great importance in detecting intrinsic resistance in a species and therefore establishing the spectrum of activity of new and developmental agents. A great deal of progress has been achieved in the field of antifungal susceptibility testing with both yeasts and filamentous fungi since testing began in earnest in the early 1980s. Standardized broth macrodilution and microdilution methods are available for testing moulds and yeasts, as are standardized disk diffusion methods for systemically active antifungal drugs. Progress is also being made in establishing the relationship between test results and patient responses to therapy in varied clinical settings and with many of the currently available antifungal agents. There has been a strong move towards consensus in the standardization of the methodology employed and the principles by which breakpoints are selected in the USA and Europe, which has meant that internationally agreed epidemiological cutoff value breakpoints can be applied for some drug–fungus combinations. This chapter addresses the methodological issues surrounding antifungal susceptibility testing and breakpoint setting.

Citation: Johnson E, Cavling-Arendrup M. 2015. Susceptibility Test Methods: Yeasts and Filamentous Fungi*, p 2255-2281. In Jorgensen J, Pfaller M, Carroll K, Funke G, Landry M, Richter S, Warnock D (ed), Manual of Clinical Microbiology, Eleventh Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555817381.ch131

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Susceptibility Test Methods: Yeasts and Filamentous Fungi*

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FIGURE 1

Azole agar screening plate. The four wells contain itraconazole, 4 mg/liter (ITR) (top left well); voriconazole, 1 mg/liter (VRC) (top right well); posaconazole, 0.5 mg/liter (PSC) (bottom left well); or no antifungal compound (control) (bottom left well). The upper agar multidish (A) is inoculated with a wild-type azole-susceptible A. fumigatus isolate, whereas the lower agar multidish (B) is inoculated with a multiazole-resistant A. fumigatus isolate. (Plates have been incubated 2 days.) doi:10.1128/9781555817381.ch131.f1

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10.1128/9781555817381/9781555817381.ch131.f1.gif

FIGURE 1

References

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Tables

Susceptibility Test Methods: Yeasts and Filamentous Fungi*

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TABLE 1

Clinical breakpoints for Candida spp. according to CLSI (previous and revised breakpoints) and EUCAST a

TABLE 1

Clinical breakpoints for Candida spp. according to CLSI (previous and revised breakpoints) and EUCAST a

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TABLE 2

CLSI M27-A3 document and EUCAST EDef 7.2 broth microdilution guidelines for antifungal susceptibility testing of yeasts a

TABLE 2

CLSI M27-A3 document and EUCAST EDef 7.2 broth microdilution guidelines for antifungal susceptibility testing of yeasts a

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TABLE 3

MIC ranges for commonly used QC and reference isolates for CLSI and EUCAST broth microdilution methods a

TABLE 3

MIC ranges for commonly used QC and reference isolates for CLSI and EUCAST broth microdilution methods a

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TABLE 4

Methods used for antifungal susceptibility testing a

TABLE 4

Methods used for antifungal susceptibility testing a

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TABLE 5

CLSI M44-A2 document guidelines for antifungal disk diffusion susceptibility testing of Candida spp. a

TABLE 5

CLSI M44-A2 document guidelines for antifungal disk diffusion susceptibility testing of Candida spp. a

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TABLE 6

CLSI M38-A2 document for filamentous fungi and EUCAST broth microdilution guidelines for antifungal susceptibility testing of conidia-forming moulds a

TABLE 6

CLSI M38-A2 document for filamentous fungi and EUCAST broth microdilution guidelines for antifungal susceptibility testing of conidia-forming moulds a

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TABLE 7

EUCAST breakpoints for Aspergillus species

TABLE 7

EUCAST breakpoints for Aspergillus species