Cryptosporidium

Lihua Xiao; Vitaliano Cama

doi:10.1128/9781555817381.ch142

Chapter 142 : Cryptosporidium

Authors: Lihua Xiao, Vitaliano Cama

Content Type: Reference

Publication Year: 2015

Category: Clinical Microbiology

Book DOI: 10.1128/9781555817381

Chapter DOI: 10.1128/9781555817381.ch142

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Abstract:

Cryptosporidium spp. are important zoonotic pathogens, causing enterocolitis and diarrhea in children and immunocompromised persons. In developing countries, cryptosporidiosis is one of the most important causes of moderate to severe diarrhea and diarrhea-associated death. In industrialized nations, Cryptosporidium spp. are well recognized waterborne, foodborne, and zoonotic pathogens, having caused many outbreaks of human illness. In the United States, the number of annual reported cases of cryptosporidiosis has increased more than 2-fold in recent years. In this chapter, various laboratory techniques for the detection and diagnosis of Cryptosporidium spp. and the most recent progress in Cryptosporidium taxonomy and the molecular epidemiology and treatment of cryptosporidiosis are reviewed.

Citation: Xiao L, Cama V. 2015. Cryptosporidium, p 2435-2447. In Jorgensen J, Pfaller M, Carroll K, Funke G, Landry M, Richter S, Warnock D (ed), Manual of Clinical Microbiology, Eleventh Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555817381.ch142

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Cryptosporidium

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FIGURE 1

Life cycle of Cryptosporidium spp. Sporulated oocysts, containing four sporozoites, are excreted by the infected host through feces and possibly other routes such as respiratory secretions ( 1 ). Transmission of Cryptosporidium spp. in humans occurs mainly through contact with infected persons (for C. hominis and C. parvum) or animals (for C. parvum mostly) and consumption of contaminated water and food ( 2 ). Following ingestion (and possibly inhalation) by a suitable host ( 3 ), excystation (a) occurs. The sporozoites are released and parasitize epithelial cells (b, c) of the gastrointestinal tract or other tissues such as the respiratory tract. In these cells, the parasites undergo asexual multiplication (schizogony or merogony) (d to f) and then sexual multiplication (gametogony), producing microgamonts (male) (g) and macrogamonts (female) (h). Upon fertilization of the macrogamonts by the microgametes (i), oocysts (j, k) develop that sporulate in the infected host. Two different types of oocysts are produced, the thick-walled oocyst (j), which is commonly excreted from the host; and the thin-walled oocyst (k), which is primarily involved in autoinfection. Oocysts are infective upon excretion, thus permitting direct and immediate fecal-oral transmission. Courtesy of DPDx (http://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/). doi:10.1128/9781555817381.ch142.f1

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FIGURE 1

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FIGURE 2

Oocysts of Cryptosporidium hominis (4 to 6 μm) (A), Cryptosporidium muris (6 to 8 μm) (B), Cyclospora cayetanensis (8 to 10 μm) (C), and Cystoisospora belli (20 to 30 μm by 10 to 20 μm) (D) stained by the modified Ziehl-Neelsen acid-fast stain. doi:10.1128/9781555817381.ch142.f2

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FIGURE 2

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FIGURE 3

Cryptosporidium hominis oocysts (4 to 6 μm) and Giardia duodenalis cyst (11 to 14 μm by 7 to 10 μm) under immunofluorescence microscopy. doi:10.1128/9781555817381.ch142.f3

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FIGURE 3

Cryptosporidium hominis oocysts (4 to 6 μm) and Giardia duodenalis cyst (11 to 14 μm by 7 to 10 μm) under immunofluorescence microscopy. doi:10.1128/9781555817381.ch142.f3

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Tables

Cryptosporidium

/content/10.1128/9781555817381.mcm11.ch142.ch142.tab001

TABLE 1

Some commercial diagnostic assays for the detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts, antigens, or DNA

TABLE 1

Some commercial diagnostic assays for the detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts, antigens, or DNA