1887

Chapter 24 : Aerococcus, Abiotrophia, and Other Aerobic Catalase-Negative, Gram-Positive Cocci

Authors: Jens JØrgen Christensen, Kathryn L. Ruoff
Content Type: Reference
Publication Year: 2015

Category: Clinical Microbiology

MyBook is a cheap paperback edition of the original book and will be sold at uniform, low price.

Preview this chapter:
Preview Magnify
Zoom in
Zoomout

Aerococcus, Abiotrophia, and Other Aerobic Catalase-Negative, Gram-Positive Cocci, Page 1 of 2

| /docserver/preview/fulltext/10.1128/9781555817381/9781555817381.ch24-1.gif /docserver/preview/fulltext/10.1128/9781555817381/9781555817381.ch24-2.gif

Abstract:

This chapter examines clinically significant catalase-negative, Gram-positive cocci other than streptococci, enterococci, and the obligately anaerobic Gram-positive cocci. These bacteria form a taxonomically diverse collection of organisms that are infrequently isolated from clinical specimens and that may be misidentified as other more well-known Gram-positive cocci. The chapter discusses their taxonomy, their clinical significance, and the phenotypic and molecular methods for identification of these organisms when encountered in clinical microbiology laboratories. The genera included are , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and .

Citation: Christensen J, Ruoff K. 2015. Aerococcus, Abiotrophia, and Other Aerobic Catalase-Negative, Gram-Positive Cocci, p 422-436. In Jorgensen J, Pfaller M, Carroll K, Funke G, Landry M, Richter S, Warnock D (ed), Manual of Clinical Microbiology, Eleventh Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555817381.ch24
Highlighted Text: Show | Hide
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

Figures

Aerococcus, Abiotrophia, and Other Aerobic Catalase-Negative, Gram-Positive Cocci
[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/author/10.1128/9781555817381.mcm11.ch24-1,webId=/content/author/10.1128/9781555817381.mcm11.ch24-1,properties={foaf_givenname=Jens JØrgen, foaf_name=Jens JØrgen Christensen, foaf_surname=Christensen}], com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/author/10.1128/9781555817381.mcm11.ch24-2,webId=/content/author/10.1128/9781555817381.mcm11.ch24-2,properties={foaf_givenname=Kathryn L., foaf_name=Kathryn L. Ruoff, foaf_surname=Ruoff}]]
Citation: Christensen J, Ruoff K. 2015. Aerococcus, Abiotrophia, and Other Aerobic Catalase-Negative, Gram-Positive Cocci, p 422-436. In Jorgensen J, Pfaller M, Carroll K, Funke G, Landry M, Richter S, Warnock D (ed), Manual of Clinical Microbiology, Eleventh Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555817381.ch24
/content/10.1128/9781555817381.mcm11.ch24.ch24.fig001
FIGURE 1

Identification of catalase-negative, Gram-positive cocci that grow aerobically with cells arranged in pairs and chains. Abbreviations: 6.5% NaCl, growth in broth containing 6.5% NaCl; bile esculin, hydrolysis of esculin in the presence of 40% bile; motility, motility in motility test medium; 45°C, growth at 45°C; 10°C, growth at 10°C; probe, reaction with commercially available nucleic acid probe for the genus ; HIP, hydrolysis of hippurate; satellitism, satelliting growth behavior; ARG, arginine hydrolysis activity; BGUR, β-glucuronidase activity. doi:10.1128/9781555817381.ch24.f1

10.1128/9781555817381/9781555817381.ch24.f1_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555817381/9781555817381.ch24.f1.gif
Image of FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1

Identification of catalase-negative, Gram-positive cocci that grow aerobically with cells arranged in pairs and chains. Abbreviations: 6.5% NaCl, growth in broth containing 6.5% NaCl; bile esculin, hydrolysis of esculin in the presence of 40% bile; motility, motility in motility test medium; 45°C, growth at 45°C; 10°C, growth at 10°C; probe, reaction with commercially available nucleic acid probe for the genus ; HIP, hydrolysis of hippurate; satellitism, satelliting growth behavior; ARG, arginine hydrolysis activity; BGUR, β-glucuronidase activity. doi:10.1128/9781555817381.ch24.f1

Citation: Christensen J, Ruoff K. 2015. Aerococcus, Abiotrophia, and Other Aerobic Catalase-Negative, Gram-Positive Cocci, p 422-436. In Jorgensen J, Pfaller M, Carroll K, Funke G, Landry M, Richter S, Warnock D (ed), Manual of Clinical Microbiology, Eleventh Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555817381.ch24
Permissions and Reprints Request Permissions
Download as Powerpoint
/content/10.1128/9781555817381.mcm11.ch24.ch24.fig002
FIGURE 2

Identification of catalase-negative, Gram-positive cocci that grow aerobically with cells arranged in pairs, tetrads, clusters, or irregular groups. Abbreviations: 6.5% NaCl, growth in broth containing 6.5% NaCl; esculin, hydrolysis of esculin; BGUR, β-glucuronidase activity. doi:10.1128/9781555817381.ch24.f2

10.1128/9781555817381/9781555817381.ch24.f2_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555817381/9781555817381.ch24.f2.gif
Image of FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2

Identification of catalase-negative, Gram-positive cocci that grow aerobically with cells arranged in pairs, tetrads, clusters, or irregular groups. Abbreviations: 6.5% NaCl, growth in broth containing 6.5% NaCl; esculin, hydrolysis of esculin; BGUR, β-glucuronidase activity. doi:10.1128/9781555817381.ch24.f2

Citation: Christensen J, Ruoff K. 2015. Aerococcus, Abiotrophia, and Other Aerobic Catalase-Negative, Gram-Positive Cocci, p 422-436. In Jorgensen J, Pfaller M, Carroll K, Funke G, Landry M, Richter S, Warnock D (ed), Manual of Clinical Microbiology, Eleventh Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555817381.ch24
Permissions and Reprints Request Permissions
Download as Powerpoint

References

/content/book/10.1128/9781555817381.mcm11.ch24
1. Ludwig W,, Schleifer KH,, Whitman WB,. 2009. Revised road map to the phylum Firmicutes, p 1– 17. In Vos P,, Garrity GM, , Jones D,, Krieg NR,, Ludwig W,, Rainey FA,, Schleifer KH,, Whitman WB ( ed), Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, 2nd ed, vol 3. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY. http://www.bergeys.org/outlines/bergeys_vol_3_roadmap_outline.pdf.
2. Schleifer KH,, Kraus J,, Dvorak C,, Kilpper-Balz R,, Collins MD,, Fischer W. 1985. Transfer of Streptococcus lactis and related streptococci to the genus Lactococcus gen. nov. Syst Appl Microbiol 6: 183– 195.
3. Collins MD,, Ash C,, Farrow JA,, Wallbanks S,, Williams AM. 1989. 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid sequence analyses of lactococci and related taxa. Description of Vagococcus fluvialis gen. nov., sp. nov. J Appl Bacteriol 67: 453– 460.
4. Wallbanks S,, Martinez-Murcia AJ,, Fryer JL,, Phillips BA,, Collins MD. 1990. 16S rRNA sequence determination for members of the genus Carnobacterium and related lactic acid bacteria and description of Vagococcus salmoninarum sp. nov. Int J Syst Bacteriol 40: 224– 230.
5. Facklam R,, Elliott JA. 1995. Identification, classification, and clinical relevance of catalase-negative, gram-positive cocci, excluding the streptococci and enterococci. Clin Microbiol Rev 8: 479– 495.
6. Collins MD,, Lawson PA. 2000. The genus Abiotrophia (Kawamura et al.) is not monophyletic: proposal of Granulicatella gen. nov., Granulicatella adiacens comb. nov., Granulicatella elegans comb. nov. and Granulicatella balaenopterae comb. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 50: 365– 369.
7. Kawamura Y,, Hou X,, Sultana F,, Liu S,, Yamamoto H,, Ezaki T. 1995. Transfer of Streptococcus adjacens and Streptococcus defectivus to Abiotrophia gen. nov. as Abiotrophia adiacens comb. nov. and Abiotrophia defectiva comb. nov., respectively. Int J Syst Bacteriol 45: 798– 803.
8. Bouvet A,, Grimont F,, Grimont PA. 1989. Streptococcus defectivus sp. nov. and S treptococcus adjacens sp. nov., nutritionally variant streptococci from human clinical specimens. Int J Syst Bacteriol 39: 290– 294.
9. Roggenkamp A,, Abele-Horn M,, Trebesius KH,, Tretter U,, Autenreith IB,, Heesemann J. 1998. Abiotrophia elegans sp. nov., a possible pathogen in patients with culture-negative endocarditis. J Clin Microbiol 36: 100– 104.
10. Kanamoto T,, Sato S,, Inoue M. 2000. Genetic heterogeneities and phenotypic characteristics of strains of the genus Abiotrophia and proposal of Abiotrophia para-adiacens sp. nov. J Clin Microbiol 38: 492– 498.
11. Elliott JA,, Facklam RR. 1993. Identification of Leuconostoc spp. by analysis of soluble whole-cell protein patterns. J Clin Microbiol 31: 1030– 1033.
12. Collins MD,, Samelis J,, Metaxopoulos J,, Wallbanks S. 1993. Taxonomic studies on some leuconostoc-like organisms from fermented sausages: description of a new genus Weissella for the Leuconostoc paramesenteroides group of species. J Appl Bacteriol 75: 595– 603.
13. Barros RR,, Carvalho MD,, Peralta JM,, Facklam RR,, Teixeira LM. 2001. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Pediococcus strains isolated from human clinical sources. J Clin Microbiol 39: 1241– 1246.
14. Collins MD,, Williams AM,, Wallbanks S. 1990. The phylogeny of Aerococcus and Pediococcus as determined by 16S rRNA sequence analysis: description of Tetragenococcus gen. nov. FEMS Microbiol Lett 70: 255– 262.
15. Ennahar S,, Cai Y. 2005. Biochemical and genetic evidence for the transfer of Enterococcus solitarius Collins et al. 1989 to the genus Tetragenococcus as Tetragenococcus solitarius comb. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 55: 589– 592.
16. Tunnicliff R. 1917. The cultivation of a micrococcus from blood in pre-eruptive and eruptive stages of measles. JAMA 68: 1028– 1030.
17. Kilpper-Balz R,, Schleifer KH. 1988. Transfer of Streptococcus morbillorum to the genus Gemella as Gemella morbillorum comb. nov. Int J Syst Bacteriol 38: 442– 443.
18. Collins MD,, Hutson RA,, Falsen E,, Sjoden B,, Facklam RR. 1998. Gemella bergeriae sp. nov., isolated from human clinical specimens. J Clin Microbiol 36: 1290– 1293.
19. Collins MD,, Hutson RA,, Falsen E,, Sjoden B,, Facklam RR. 1998. Description of Gemella sanguinis sp. nov., isolated from human clinical specimens. J Clin Microbiol 36: 3090– 3093.
20. Ulger-Toprak N,, Summanen PH,, Liu C,, Rowlinson MC,, Finegold SM. 2010. Gemella asaccharolytica sp. nov., isolated from human clinical specimens. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 60: 1023– 1026.
21. Aguirre M,, Morrison D,, Cookson BD,, Gay FW,, Collins MD. 1993. Phenotypic and phylogenetic characterization of some Gemella-like organisms from human infections: description of Dolosigranulum pigrum gen. nov., sp. nov. J Appl Bacteriol 75: 608– 612.
22. Laclaire L,, Facklam R. 2000. Antimicrobial susceptibility and clinical sources of Dolosigranulum pigrum cultures. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 44: 2001– 2003.
23. Aguirre M,, Collins MD. 1992. Phylogenetic analysis of some Aerococcus-like organisms from urinary tract infections: description of Aerococcus urinae sp. nov. J Gen Microbiol 138: 401– 405.
24. Christensen JJ,, Whitney AM,, Teixeira LM,, Steigerwalt AG,, Facklam RR,, Korner B,, Brenner DJ. 1997. Aerococcus urinae: intraspecies genetic and phenotypic relatedness. Int J Syst Bacteriol 47: 28– 32.
25. Collins MD,, Jovita MR,, Hutson RA,, Ohlen M,, Falsen E. 1999. Aerococcus christensenii sp. nov., from the human vagina. Int J Syst Bacteriol 49: 1125– 1128.
26. Facklam R,, Lovgren M,, Shewmaker PL,, Tyrrell G. 2003. Phenotypic description and antimicrobial susceptibilities of Aerococcus sanguinicola isolates from human clinical samples. J Clin Microbiol 41: 2587– 2592.
27. Lawson PA,, Falsen E,, Truberg-Jensen K,, Collins MD. 2001. Aerococcus sanguicola sp. nov., isolated from a human clinical source. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 51: 475– 479.
28. Lawson PA,, Falsen E,, Ohlen M,, Collins MD. 2001. Aerococcus urinaehominis sp. nov., isolated from human urine. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 51: 683– 686.
29. Collins MD,, Aguirre M,, Facklam RR,, Shallcross J,, Williams AM. 1992. Globicatella sanguis gen. nov., sp. nov., a new Gram-positive catalase negative bacterium from human sources. J Appl Bacteriol 73: 433– 437.
30. Collins MD,, Falsen E,, Lemozy J,, Akervall E,, Sjoden B,, Lawson PA. 1997. Phenotypic and phylogenetic characterization of some Globicatella-like organisms from human sources: description of Facklamia hominis gen. nov., sp. nov. Int J Syst Bacteriol 47: 880– 882.
31. Collins MD,, Hutson RA,, Falsen E,, Sjoden B. 1999. Facklamia sourekii sp. nov., isolated from human sources. Int J Syst Bacteriol 49: 635– 638.
32. Collins MD,, Lawson PA,, Monasterio R,, Falsen E,, Sjoden B,, Facklam RR. 1998. Facklamia ignava sp. nov., isolated from human clinical specimens. J Clin Microbiol 36: 2146– 2148.
33. Lawson PA,, Collins MD,, Falsen E,, Sjoden B,, Facklam RR. 1999. Facklamia languida sp. nov., isolated from human clinical specimens. J Clin Microbiol 37: 1161– 1164.
34. Collins MD,, Lawson PA,, Monasterio R,, Falsen E,, Sjoden B,, Facklam RR. 1999. Ignavigranum ruoffiae sp. nov., isolated from human clinical specimens. Int J Syst Bacteriol 49: 97– 101.
35. Collins MD,, Rodriguez Jovita M,, Hutson RA,, Falsen E,, Sjoden B,, Facklam RR. 1999. Dolosicoccus paucivorans gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from human blood. Int J Syst Bacteriol 49: 1439– 1442.
36. Collins MD,, Facklam RR,, Rodrigues UM,, Ruoff KL. 1993. Phylogenetic analysis of some Aerococcus-like organisms from clinical sources: description of Helcococcus kunzii gen. nov., sp. nov. Int J Syst Bacteriol 43: 425– 429.
37. Collins MD,, Falsen E,, Brownlee K,, Lawson PA. 2004. Helcococcus sueciensis sp. nov., isolated from a human wound. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 54: 1557– 1560.
38. Panackal AA,, Houze YB,, Prentice J,, Leopold SS,, Cookson BT,, Liles WC,, Limaye AP. 2004. Prosthetic joint infection due to “ Helcococcus pyogenica”. J Clin Microbiol 42: 2872– 2874.
39. Panackal AA,, Houze YB,, Prentice J,, Leopold SS,, Cookson BT,, Liles WC,, Limaye AP. 2004. Prosthetic joint infection due to “ Helcococcus pyogenes”. J Clin Microbiol 42: 5966. (Author’s correction.)
40. Kutzer P,, Schulze C,, Engelhardt A,, Wieler LH,, Nordhoff M. 2008. Helcococcus ovis, an emerging pathogen in bovine valvular endocarditis. J Clin Microbiol 46: 3291– 3295.
41. Christensen JJ,, Facklam RR. 2001. Granulicatella and Abiotrophia species from human clinical specimens. J Clin Microbiol 39: 3520– 3523.
42. Reyn A,. 1986. Genus Gemella Berger 1960, 253 AL, p 1081– 1082. In Sneath PHA,, Mair NS,, Sharpe ME,, Holt JG ( ed), Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, vol 2. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, MD.
43. Garvie EI,. 1986. Genus Leuconostoc van Tieghem 1878, 198 AL emend mut. char. Hucker and Pederson 1930, 66 AL, p 1071– 1075. In Sneath PHA,, Mair NS,, Sharpe ME,, Holt JG ( ed), Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, vol 2. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, MD.
44. Garvie EI,. 1986. Genus Pediococcus Claussen 1903, 68 AL, p 1075– 1079. In Sneath PHA,, Mair NS,, Sharpe ME,, Holt JG ( ed), Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, vol 2. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, MD.
45. Elliott JA,, Collins MD,, Pigott NE,, Facklam RR. 1991. Differentiation of Lactococcus lactis and Lactococcus garvieae from humans by comparison of whole-cell protein patterns. J Clin Microbiol 29: 2731– 2734.
46. Chan JF,, Woo PC,, Tent JL,, Lau SK,, Leung SS,, Tam FC,, Yuen KY. 2011. Primary infective spondylodiscitis caused by Lactococcus garviae and a review of human L. garviae infections. Infection 39: 259– 264.
47. Mannion PT,, Rothburn MM. 1990. Diagnosis of bacterial endocarditis caused by Streptococcus lactis. J Infect 21: 317– 318.
48. Pellizzer G,, Benedetti P,, Biavasco F,, Manfrin V,, Franzetti M,, Scagnelli M,, Scarparo C,, de Lalla F. 1996. Bacterial endocarditis due to Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris: case report. Clin Microbiol Infect 2: 230– 232.
49. Zechini B,, Cipriani P,, Papadopoulou S,, DiNucci G,, Petrucca A,, Teggi A. 2006. Endocarditis caused by Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis in a patient with atrial myxoma: a case report. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 56: 325– 328.
50. Guz G,, Colak B,, Hizel K,, Suyani E,, Sindel S. 2006. Peritonitis due to Lactococcus lactis in a CAPD patient. Scand J Infect Dis 38: 698– 699.
51. Antolin J,, Ciguenza R,, Saluena I,, Vazquez E,, Hernandez J,, Espinos D. 2004. Liver abscess caused by Lactococcus lactis cremoris: a new pathogen. Scand J Infect Dis 36: 490– 491.
52. Guz G,, Yegin ZA,, Dogan I,, Hizel K,, Bali M,, Sindel S. 2006. Portal vein thrombosis and liver abscess due to Lactococcus lactis. Turk J Gastroenterol 17: 144– 147.
53. Kim JH,, Go J,, Cho CR,, Kim JI,, Lee MS,, Park SC. 2013. First report of human acute acalculous cholecystitis caused by the fish pathogen Lactococcus garvieae. J Clin Microbiol 51: 712– 714.
54. Aubin GG,, Bemer P,, Guillouzouic A,, Cremet L,, Touchais S,, Fraquet N,, Boutoille D,, Reynaud A,, Lepelletier D,, Corvec S. 2011. First report of a hip prosthetic and joint infection caused by Lactococcus garviae in a woman fishmonger. J Clin Microbiol 49: 2074– 2076.
55. Teixeira LM,, Carvalho MG,, Merquior VL,, Steigerwalt AG,, Brenner DJ,, Facklam RR. 1997. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Vagococcus fluvialis, including strains isolated from human sources. J Clin Microbiol 35: 2778– 2781.
56. Al-Ahmad A,, Pelz K,, Schirrmeister JF,, Hellwid E,, Pukall R. 2008. Characterization of the first oral Vagococcus isolate from a root-filled tooth with periradicular lesions. Curr Microbiol 57: 235– 238.
57. Al-Tawfiq JA,, Kiwan G,, Murrar H. 2007. Granulicatella elegans native valve infective endocarditis: case report and review. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 57: 439– 441.
58. Chang SH,, Lee CC,, Chen SY,, Chen IC,, Hsieh MR,, Chen SC. 2008. Infectious intracranial aneurysms caused by Granulicatella adiacens. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 60: 201– 204.
59. Houpikian P,, Raoult D. 2005. Blood culture-negative endocarditis in a reference center: etiologic diagnosis of 348 cases. Medicine 84: 162– 173.
60. Jeng A,, Chen J,, Katsivas T. 2005. Prosthetic valve endocarditis from Granulicatella adiacens (nutritionally variant streptococci). J Infect 51: e125– e129.
61. Namdari H,, Kintner K,, Jackson BA,, Namdari S,, Hughes JL,, Peairs RR,, Savage DJ. 1999. Abiotrophia species as a cause of endophthalmitis following cataract extraction. J Clin Microbiol 37: 1564– 1566.
62. Jeganathan VS,, Verma N. 2010. Abiotrophia adiacens-related infectious crystalline keratopathy following penetrating keratoplasty. Br J Ophthalmol 94: 139.
63. Cerceo E,, Christie JD,, Nachamkin I,, Lautenbach E. 2004. Central nervous system infections due to Abiotrophia and Granulicatella species: an emerging challenge? Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 48: 161– 165.
64. Zenone T,, Durand DV. 2004. Brain abscesses caused by Abiotrophia defectiva: complication of immunosuppressive therapy in a patient with connective-tissue disease. Scand J Infect Dis 36: 497– 499.
65. Atlay M,, Akay H,, Yildiz E,, Duranay M. 2008. A novel agent of peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis: Granulicatella adiacens. Perit Dial Int 28: 96– 101.
66. Wilhelm N,, Sire S,, Le Coustumier A,, Loubinoux J,, Beljerd M,, Bouvet A. 2005. First case of multiple discitis and sacroiliitis due to Abiotrophia defectiva. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 24: 76– 78.
67. Taylor CE,, Fang MA. 2006. Septic arthritis caused by Abiotrophia defectiva. Arthritis Rheum 55: 976– 977.
68. del Pozo JL,, Garcia-Quetglas E,, Hernaez S,, Serrera A,, Alonso M,, Pina L,, Leiva J,, Azanza JR. 2008. Granulicatella adiacens breast implant-associated infection. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 61: 58– 60.
69. Handwerger S,, Horowitz H,, Coburn K,, Kolokathis A,, Wormser GP. 1990. Infection due to Leuconostoc species: six cases and review. Rev Infect Dis 12: 602– 610.
70. Zaoui A,, Brousse C,, Bletry O,, Augouard LW,, Boisaubert B. 2005. Leuconostoc osteomyelitis. Joint Bone Spine 72: 79– 81.
71. Dye G,, Lewis J,, Patterson J,, Jorgensen J. 2003. A case of Leuconostoc ventriculitis with resistance to carbapenem antibiotics. Clin Infect Dis 37: 869– 870.
72. Albanese A,, Spanu T,, Sali M,, Novegno F,, D’Inzeo T,, Santangelo R,, Mangiola A,, Anile C,, Fadda G. 2006. Molecular identification of Leuconostoc mesenteroides as a cause of brain abscess in an immunocompromised patient. J Clin Microbiol 44: 3044– 3045.
73. Kumudhan D,, Mars S. 2004. Leuconostoc mesenteroids as a cause of post-operative endophthalmitis—a case report. Eye (Lond) 18: 1023– 1024.
74. Mayeur C,, Gratadoux JJ,, Bridonneau C,, Chegdani F,, Larroque B,, Kapel N,, Corcos O,, Thomas M,, Joly F. 2013. Faecal D/L lactate ratio is a metabolic signature of microbiota imbalance in patients with short bowel syndrome. PLoS One 8: e54335. doi: 10.1371/journal .pone.0054335.
75. Florescu D,, Hill L,, Sudan D,, Iwen PC. 2008. Leuconostoc bacteremia in pediatric patients with short bowel syndrome: case series and review. Pediatr Infect Dis J 27: 1013– 1019.
76. Barton LL,, Rider RD,, Coen RW. 2001. Bacteremic infection with Pediococcus: vancomycin-resistant opportunist. Pediatrics 107: 775– 776.
77. Golledge CL,, Stingemore N,, Aravena M,, Joske K. 1990. Septicemia caused by vancomycin-resistant Pediococcus acidilactici. J Clin Microbiol 28: 1678– 1679.
78. Mastro TD,, Spika JS,, Lozano P,, Appel J,, Facklam RR. 1990. Vancomycin-resistant Pediococcus acidilactici: nine cases of bacteremia. J Infect Dis 161: 956– 960.
79. Sire JM,, Donnio PY,, Mensard R,, Pouedras P,, Avril JL. 1992. Septicemia and hepatic abscess caused by Pediococcus acidilactici. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 11: 623– 625.
80. Kumar A,, Augustine D,, Sudhindran S,, Kurian AM,, Dinesh KR,, Karim S,, Philip R. 2011. Weissella confusa: a rare cause of vancomycin-resistant Gram-positive bacteraemia. J Med Microbiol 60: 1539– 1541.
81. Shin JH,, Kim DI,, Kim HR,, Kim DS,, Kook JK,, Lee JN. 2007. Severe infective endocarditis of native valves caused by Weissella confusa detected incidentally on echocardiography. J Infect 54: e149– e151.
82. Khan R,, Urbin C,, Rubin D,, Segal-Maurer S. 2004. Subacute endocarditis caused by Gemella haemolysans and a review of the literature. Scand J Infect Dis 36: 885– 888.
83. Anil M,, Ozkalay N,, Helvaci M,, Agus N,, Guler O,, Dikerler A,, Kanar B. 2007. Meningitis due to Gemella haemolysans in a pediatric case. J Clin Microbiol 45: 2337– 2339.
84. Lee MR,, Lee SO,, Kim SY,, Yang SM,, Seo YH,, Cho YK. 2004. Brain abscess due to Gemella haemolysans. J Clin Microbiol 42: 2338– 2340.
85. Eggelmeijer F,, Petit P,, Dijkmans BA. 1992. Total knee arthroplasty infection due to Gemella haemolysans. Br J Rheumatol 31: 67– 69.
86. Kailasanathan A,, Anderson D. 2009. Infectious crystalline keratopathy caused by Gemella haemolysans. Cornea 26: 643– 644.
87. Raman SV,, Evans N,, Freegard TJ,, Cunningham R. Gemella haemolysans acute postoperative endophthalmitis. Br J Ophthalmol 87: 1192– 1193.
88. Ritterband D,, Shah M,, Kresloff M,, Intal M,, Shabto U,, Seedor J. 2002. Gemella haemolysans keratitis and consecutive endophthalmitis. Am J Ophthalmol 133: 268– 269.
89. Al-Hujailan G,, Lagace-Wiens P. 2007. Mechanical valve endocarditis caused by Gemella morbillorum. J Med Microbiol 56: 1689– 1691.
90. Gimigliano F,, Carletti M,, Carducci G,, Iodice F,, Ballerini L. 2005. Gemella morbillorum endocarditis in a child. Pediatr Infect Dis J 24: 190.
91. Valipour A,, Koller H,, Setinek U,, Burghuber OC. 2005. Pleural empyema associated with Gemella morbillorum: report of a case and review of the literature. Scand J Infect Dis 37: 378– 381.
92. Vasishtha S,, Isenberg HD,, Sood SK. 1996. Gemella morbillorum as a cause of septic shock. Clin Infect Dis 22: 1084– 1086.
93. Benedetti P,, Rassu M,, Branscombe M,, Sefton A,, Pellizzer G. 2009. Gemella morbillorum: an underestimated aetiology of central nervous system infection? J Med Microbiol 58: 1652– 1656.
94. van Dijk M,, van Royen BJ,, Wuisman PI,, Hekker A,, van Guldener C. 1999. Trochanter osteomyelitis and ipsilateral arthritis due to Gemella morbillorum. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 18: 600– 602.
95. Roche M,, Smyth E. 2005. A case of septic arthritis due to infection with Gemella morbillorum. J Infect 51: e187– e189.
96. Lai CC,, Wu CH,, Chen JT,, Hsueh PR. 2008. Peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis caused by Gemella morbillorum in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus receiving steroid therapy. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 41: 272– 274.
97. Logan LK,, Zheng X,, Shulman SR. 2008. Gemella bergeriae endocarditis in a boy. Pediatr Infect Dis 27: 184– 186.
98. Leung DT,, Davis EM,, Qian Q,, Gold HS. 2011. First report of prosthetic joint infection by Gemella sanguinis and associated “pseudosatelliting” phenomenon on culture. J Clin Microbiol 49: 3395– 3397.
99. Lecuyer H,, Audibert J,, Bobigny A,, Eckert C,, Janniere-Nartey C,, Buu-Hoi A,, Mainardi JL,, Podglajen I. 2007. Dolosigranulum pigrum causing nosocomial pneumonia and septicemia. J Clin Microbiol 45: 3474– 3475.
100. Hall GS,, Gordon S,, Schroeder S,, Smith K,, Anthony K,, Procop GW. 2001. Case of synovitis potentially caused by Dolosigranulum pigrum. J Clin Microbiol 39: 1202– 1203.
101. Lin JC,, Hou SJ,, Huang LU,, Sun JR,, Chang WK,, Lu JJ. 2006. Acute cholecystitis accompanied by acute pancreatitis potentially caused by Dolosigranulum pigrum. J Clin Microbiol 44: 2298– 2299.
102. Johnsen BO,, Ronning EJ,, Onken A,, Figved W,, Jenum PA. 2011. Dolosigranulum pigrum causing biomaterial-associated arthritis. APMIS 119: 85– 87.
103. Cattoir V,, Kobal A,, Legrand P. 2010. Aerococcus urinae and Aerococcus sanguinicola, two frequently misidentified uropathogens. Scand J Infect Dis 42: 775– 780.
104. Nasoodi A,, Ali AG,, Gray WJ,, Hedderwick DA. 2008. Spondylodiscitis due to Aerococcus viridans. J Med Microbiol 57: 532– 533.
105. Parker MT,, Ball LC. 1976. Streptococci and aerococci associated with systemic infection in man. J Med Microbiol 9: 275– 302.
106. Grude N,, Jenkins A,, Tveten Y,, Kristiansen BE. 2003. Identification of Aerococcus urinae in urine samples. Clin Microbiol Infect 9: 976– 979.
107. Christensen JJ,, Vibits H,, Ursing J,, Korner B. 1991. Aerococcus-like organism, a newly recognized potential urinary tract pathogen. J Clin Microbiol 29: 1049– 1053.
108. Sierra-Hoffman M,, Watkins K,, Jinadatha C,, Fader R,, Carpenter JL. 2005. Clinical significance of Aerococcus urinae: a retrospective review. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 53: 289– 292.
109. Delsarte M. 2010. La place des aerococcus en clinique humaine: revue sur une série de 29 cas hospitaliers de 2001 à 2009. Doctoral dissertation. Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse III, Toulouse, France.
110. Kass M,, Toye B,, Veinot JP. 2008. Fatal infective endocarditis due to Aerococcus urinae—case report and review of literature. Cardiovasc Pathol 17: 410– 412.
111. Kristensen B,, Nielsen G. 1995. Endocarditis caused by Aerococcus urinae, a newly recognized pathogen. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 14: 49– 51.
112. Santos R,, Santos E,, Goncalves S,, Marques SA,, Sequeira J,, Abecasis P,, Cadete M. 2003. Lymphadenitis caused by Aerococcus urinae infection. Scand J Infect Dis 35: 353– 354.
113. Colakoglu S,, Turunc T,, Taskoparan M,, Aliskan H,, Kizilkilic E,, Demiroglu YZ,, Arslan H. 2008. Three cases of serious infection caused by Aerococcus urinae: a patient with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and two patients with bacteremia. Infection 36: 288– 290.
114. Ibler K,, Truberg Jensen K,, Ostergaard C,, Wolff Sonksen U,, Bruun B,, Schonheyder HC,, Kemp M,, Dargis R,, Andresen K,, Christensen JJ. 2008. Six cases of Aerococcus sanguinicola infection: clinical relevance and bacterial identification. Scand J Infect Dis 40: 761– 765.
115. Lau SK,, Woo PC,, Li NK,, Teng JL,, Leung DW,, Ng KH,, Que TL,, Yuen KY. 2006. Globicatella bacteraemia identified by 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. J Clin Pathol 59: 303– 307.
116. Seegmuller I,, van der Linden M,, Heeg C,, Reinert RR. 2007. Globicatella sanguinis is an etiological agent of ventriculoperitoneal shunt-associated meningitis. J Clin Microbiol 45: 666– 667.
117. Vandamme P,, Hommez J,, Snauwaert C,, Hoste B,, Cleenwerck I,, Lefebvre K,, Vancanneyt M,, Swings J,, Devriese LA,, Haesebrouck F. 2001. Globicatella sulfidifaciens sp. nov., isolated from purulent infections in domestic animals. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 51: 1745– 1749.
118. Healy B,, Beukenholt RW,, Tuthill D,, Ribeiro CD. 2005. Facklamia hominis causing chorioamnionitis and puerperal bacteraemia. J Infect 50: 353– 355.
119. Facklam R. 2002. What happened to the streptococci: overview of taxonomic and nomenclature changes. Clin Microbiol Rev 15: 613– 630.
120. Haas J,, Jernick SL,, Scardina RJ,, Teruya J,, Caliendo AM,, Ruoff KL. 1997. Colonization of skin by Helcococcus kunzii. J Clin Microbiol 35: 2759– 2761.
121. Lemaitre N,, Huvent D,, Loiez C,, Wallet F,, Courcol RJ. 2008. Isolation of Helcococcus kunzii from plantar phlegmon in a vascular patient. J Med Microbiol 57: 907– 908.
122. Peel MM,, Davis JM,, Griffin KJ,, Freedman DL. 1997. Helcococcus kunzii as sole isolate from an infected sebaceous cyst. J Clin Microbiol 35: 328– 329.
123. Chagla AH,., Borczyk AA,, Facklam RR,, Lovgren M. 1998. Breast abscess associated with Helcococcus kunzii. J Clin Microbiol 36: 2377– 2379.
124. Riegel P,, Lepargneur JP. 2003. Isolation of Helcococcus kunzii from a post-surgical foot abscess. Int J Med Microbiol 293: 437– 439.
125. Perez-Jorge C,, Cordero J,, Marin M,, Esteban J. 2012. Prosthetic joint infection caused by Helcococcus kunzii. J Clin Microbiol 50: 528– 530.
126. Woo PC,, Tse H,, Wong SS,, Tse CW,, Fung AM,, Tam DM,, Lau SK,, Yuen K. 2005. Life-threatening invasive Helcococcus kunzii infections in intravenous-drug users and ermA-mediated erythromycin resistance. J Clin Microbiol 43: 6205– 6208.
127. Ruoff KL,, Kuritzkes DR,, Wolfson JS,, Ferraro MJ. 1988. Vancomycin-resistant Gram-positive bacteria isolated from human sources. J Clin Microbiol 26: 2064– 2068.
128. Facklam RR,, Washington JA II,. 1991. Streptococcus and related catalase-negative Gram-positive cocci, p 238– 257. In Balows A,, Hausler WJ Jr,, Herrmann KL,, Isenberg HD,, Shadomy HJ ( ed), Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 5th ed. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC.
129. Elliott JA,, Facklam RR. 1996. Antimicrobial susceptibilities of Lactococcus lactis and Lactococcus garvieae and a proposed method to discriminate between them. J Clin Microbiol 34: 1296– 1298.
130. Beighton D,, Homer KA,, Bouvet A,, Storey AR. 1995. Analysis of enzymatic activities for differentiation of two species of nutritionally variant streptococci, Streptococcus defectivus and Streptococcus adjacens. J Clin Microbiol 33: 1584– 1587.
131. Bouvet A,, Villeroy F,, Cheng G,, Lamesch C,, Williamson R,, Gutmann L. 1985. Characterization of nutritionally variant streptococci by biochemical tests and penicillin-binding proteins. J Clin Microbiol 22: 1030– 1034.
132. Davis JM,, Peel MM. 1994. Identification of ten clinical isolates of nutritionally variant streptococci by commercial streptococcal identification systems. Aust J Med Sci 15: 52– 55.
133. Riebel WJ,, Washington JA. 1990. Clinical and microbiologic characteristics of pediococci. J Clin Microbiol 28: 1348– 1355.
134. Evans JB,. 1986. Genus Aerococcus Williams, Hirch and Cowan 1953, 475 AL, p 1080. In Sneath PHA,, Mair NS,, Sharpe ME,, Holt JG ( ed), Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, vol 2. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, MD.
135. LaClaire LL,, Facklam RR. 2000. Comparison of three commercial rapid identification systems for the unusual gram-positive cocci Dolosigranulum pigrum, Ignavigranum ruoffiae, and Facklamia species. J Clin Microbiol 38: 2037– 2042.
136. Bosshard PP,, Abels S,, Altwegg M,, Bottger EC,, Zbinden R. 2004. Comparison of conventional and molecular methods for identification of aerobic catalase-negative gram-positive cocci in the clinical laboratory. J Clin Microbiol 42: 2065– 2073.
137. Wallet F,, Loiez C,, Renaux E,, Lemaitre N,, Courcol RJ. 2005. Performances of VITEK 2 colorimetric cards for identification of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. J Clin Microbiol 43: 4402– 4406.
138. Woo PC,, Ng KH,, Lau SK,, Yip K,, Fung AM,, Leung K,, Tam DM,, Que T,, Yuen K. 2003. Usefulness of the MicroSeq 500 16S ribosomal DNA-based bacterial identification system for identification of clinically significant bacterial isolates with ambiguous biochemical profiles. J Clin Microbiol 41: 1996– 2001.
139. Kolbert CP,, Rys PN,, Hopkins M,, Lynch DT,, Germer JJ,, O’Sullivan CE,, Trampuz A,, Patel R,. 2004. 16S ribosomal DNA sequence analysis for identification of bacteria in a clinical microbiological laboratory, p 361– 379. In Persing DH,, Tenover FC,, Versalovic J,, Tang YW,, Unger ER,, Relman DA,, White TJ ( ed), Molecular Microbiology: Diagnostic Principles and Practice. ASM Press, Washington, DC.
140. Christensen JJ,, Andresen K,, Justesen T,, Kemp M. 2005. Ribosomal DNA sequencing: experiences from use in the Danish National Reference Laboratory for Identification of Bacteria. APMIS 113: 621– 628.
141. Christensen JJ,, Kilian M,, Fussing V,, Andresen K,, Blom J,, Korner B,, Steigerwalt AG. 2005. Aerococcus urinae: polyphasic characterization of the species. APMIS 113: 517– 525.
142. Abdul-Redha RJ,, Balslew U,, Christensen JJ,, Kemp M. 2007. Globicatella sanguinis bacteraemia identified by partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Scand J Infect Dis 39: 745– 748.
143. Abdul-Redha RJ,, Prag J,, Sonksen UW,, Kemp M,, Andresen K,, Christensen JJ. 2007. Granulicatella elegans bacteraemia in patients with abdominal infections. Scand J Infect Dis 39: 830– 833.
144. Maiwald M,. 2004. Broad-range PCR for detection and identification of bacteria, p 379– 390. In Persing DH,, Tenover FC,, Versalovic J,, Tang YW,, Unger ER,, Relman DA,, White TJ ( ed), Molecular Microbiology: Diagnostic Principles and Practice. ASM Press, Washington, DC.
145. Voldstedlund M,, Norum Pedersen L,, Baandrup U,, Klaaborg KE,, Fuursted K. 2008. Broad-range PCR and sequencing in routine diagnosis of infective endocarditis. APMIS 116: 190– 198.
146. Kommedal O,, Lekang K,, Langeland N,, Wiker HG. 2011. Characterization of polybacterial clinical samples using a set of group-specific broad-range primers targeting the 16S rRNA gene followed by DNA sequencing and RipSeq analysis. J Med Microbiol 60: 927– 936.
147. Kommedal O,, Simmon K,, Karaca D,, Langeland N,, Wiker HG. 2012. Dual priming oligonucleotides for broad-range amplification of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene directly from human clinical specimens. J Clin Microbiol 50: 1289– 1294.
148. Drancourt M,, Roux V,, Fournier PE,, Raoult D. 2004. rpoB gene sequence-based identification of aerobic gram-positive cocci of the genera Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Gemella, Abiotrophia, and Granulicatella. J Clin Microbiol 42: 497– 504.
149. Hung WC,, Tseng SP,, Chen HJ,, Tsai JC,, Chang CH,, Lee TF,, Hsueh PR,, Teng LJ. 2010. Use of groESL as a target for identification of Abiotrophia, Granulicatella, and Gemella species. J Clin Microbiol 48: 3532– 3538.
150. Tung SK,, Teng LJ,, Vaneechoutte M,, Chen HM,, Chang TC. 2007. Identification of species of Abiotrophia, Enterococcus, Granulicatella and Streptococcus by sequence analysis of the ribosomal 16S-23S intergenic spacer region. J Med Microbiol 56: 504– 513.
151. Tung SK,, Teng LJ,, Vaneechoutte M,, Chen HM,, Chang TC. 2006. Array-based identification of species of the genera Abiotrophia, Enterococcus, Granulicatella, and Streptococcus. J Clin Microbiol 44: 4414– 4424.
152. Nielsen XC,, Carkaci D,, Dargis R,, Hannecke L,, Justesen US,, Kemp M,, Hammer M,, Christensen JJ. 2013. 16S-23S intergenic spacer (ITS) region sequence analysis: applicability and usefulness in identifying genera and species resembling non-hemolytic streptococci. Clin Microbiol 2: 130. doi: 10.4172/2327-50733.1000130.
153. Christensen JJ,, Dargis R,, Hammer M,, Justesen US,, Nielsen XC,, Kemp M, Danish MALDI-TOF MS Study Group. 2012. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry analysis of Gram-positive, catalase-negative cocci not belonging to the Streptococcus or Enterococcus genus and benefits of database extension. J Clin Microbiol 50: 1787– 1791.
154. Rychert J,, Burnham CA,, Bythrow M,, Garner OB,, Ginocchio CC,, Jennemann R,, Lewinski MA,, Manji R,, Mochon AB,, Procop GW,, Richter SS,, Sercia L,, Westblade LF,, Ferraro MJ,, Branda JA. 2013. Multicenter evaluation of the Vitek MS matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry system for identification of gram-positive aerobic bacteria. J Clin Microbiol 51: 2225– 2231.
155. Senneby E,, Nilson B,, Petersson AC,, Rasmussen M. 2013. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry is a sensitive and specific method for identification of aerococci. J Clin Microbiol 51: 1303– 1304.
156. Tanigawa K,, Kawabata H,, Watanabe K. 2010. Identification and typing of Lactococcus lactis by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. Appl Environ Microbiol 76: 4055– 4062.
157. De Bruyne K,, Slabbinck B,, Waegeman W,, Vauterin P,, De Baets B,, Vandamme P. 2011. Bacterial species identification from MALDI-TOF mass spectra through data analysis and machine learning. Syst Appl Microbiol 34: 20– 29.
158. Albesharat R,, Ehrmann MA,, Korakli M,, Yazaji S,, Vogel RF. 2011. Phenotypic and genotypic analyses of lactic acid bacteria in local fermented food, breast milk and faeces of mothers and their babies. Syst Appl Microbiol 34: 148– 155.
159. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. 2010. Methods for Antimicrobial Dilution and Disk Susceptibility Testing of Infrequently Isolated or Fastidious Bacteria; Approved Guideline—2nd Edition. CLSI Document M45-A. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Wayne, PA.
160. Swenson JM,, Facklam RR,, Thornsberry C. 1990. Antimicrobial susceptibility of vancomycin-resistant Leuconostoc, Pediococcus, and Lactobacillus species. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 34: 543– 549.
161. Huang YT,, Liao CH,, Teng LJ,, Hsueh PR. 2007. Daptomycin susceptibility of unusual gram-positive bacteria: comparison of results obtained by the Etest and the broth microdilution method. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 51: 1570– 1572.
162. Iwen PC,, Mindru C,, Kalil AC,, Florescu DF. 2011. Pediococcus acidilactici endocarditis successfully treated with daptomycin. J Clin Microbiol 50: 1106– 1108.
163. Johnson CC,, Tunkel AR,. 2005. Viridans streptococci and groups C and G streptococci, p 2435– 2440. In Mandell GL,, Bennett JE,, Dolin R ( ed), Mandell, Douglas and Bennett’s Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, 6th ed. Churchill Livingstone, New York, NY.
164. Liao CH,, Teng LJ,, Hsueh PR,, Chen YC,, Huang LM,, Chang SC,, Ho SW. 2004. Nutritionally variant streptococcal infections at a university hospital in Taiwan: disease emergence and high prevalence of β-lactam and macrolide resistance. Clin Infect Dis 38: 452– 455.
165. Tuohy MJ,, Procop GW,, Washington JA. 2000. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Abiotrophia adiacens and Abiotrophia defectiva. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 38: 189– 191.
166. Zheng X,, Freeman AF,, Villafranca J,, Shortridge D,, Beyer J,, Kabat W,, Dembkowski K,, Shulman ST. 2004. Antimicrobial susceptibilities of invasive pediatric Abiotrophia and Granulicatella isolates. J Clin Microbiol 42: 4323– 4326.
167. Piper KE,, Steckelberg JM,, Patel R. 2005. In vitro activity of daptomycin against clinical isolates of Gram-positive bacteria. J Infect Chemother 11: 207– 209.
168. Buu-Hoi A,, LeBouguenec C,, Horaud T. 1989. Genetic basis of antibiotic resistance in Aerococcus viridans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 33: 529– 534.
169. Buu-Hoi A,, Sapoetra A,, Branger C,, Acar JF. 1982. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Gemella haemolysans isolated from patients with subacute endocarditis. Eur J Clin Microbiol 1: 102– 106.
170. Zolezzi PC,, Cepero PG,, Ruiz J,, Laplana LM,, Calvo CR,, Gomez-Lus R. 2007. Molecular epidemiology of macrolide and tetracycline resistances in commensal Gemella sp. isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 51: 1487– 1490.
171. Schurr PM,, Kasteren ME,, Sabbe L,, Vos MC,, Janssens MM,, Buiting AM. 1997. Urinary tract infections with Aerococcus urinae in the south of the Netherlands. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 16: 871– 875.
172. Skov R,, Christensen JJ,, Korner B,, Frimodt-Moeller N,, Espersen F. 2001. In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of Aerococcus urinae to 14 antibiotics, and time-kill curves for penicillin, gentamicin and vancomycin. J Antimicrob Chemother 48: 653– 658.
173. Humphries RM,, Lee C,, Hindler JA. 2011. Aerococcus urinae and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. J Clin Microbiol 49: 3934– 3935.
174. LaClaire L,, Facklam R. 2000. Antimicrobial susceptibilities and clinical sources of Facklamia species. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 44: 2130– 2132.
175. Shewmaker PL,, Steigerwalt AG,, Shealey L,, Weyant R,, Facklam RR. 2001. DNA relatedness, phenotypic characteristics, and antimicrobial susceptibilities of Globicatella sanguinis strains. J Clin Microbiol 39: 4052– 4057.

Tables

Aerococcus, Abiotrophia, and Other Aerobic Catalase-Negative, Gram-Positive Cocci
[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/author/10.1128/9781555817381.mcm11.ch24-1,webId=/content/author/10.1128/9781555817381.mcm11.ch24-1,properties={foaf_givenname=Jens JØrgen, foaf_name=Jens JØrgen Christensen, foaf_surname=Christensen}], com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/author/10.1128/9781555817381.mcm11.ch24-2,webId=/content/author/10.1128/9781555817381.mcm11.ch24-2,properties={foaf_givenname=Kathryn L., foaf_name=Kathryn L. Ruoff, foaf_surname=Ruoff}]]
Citation: Christensen J, Ruoff K. 2015. Aerococcus, Abiotrophia, and Other Aerobic Catalase-Negative, Gram-Positive Cocci, p 422-436. In Jorgensen J, Pfaller M, Carroll K, Funke G, Landry M, Richter S, Warnock D (ed), Manual of Clinical Microbiology, Eleventh Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555817381.ch24
/content/10.1128/9781555817381.mcm11.ch24.ch24.tab001
TABLE 1

Possible identities of catalase-negative, Gram-positive cocci based on certain phenotypic reactions and cellular morphology

Generic image for table
TABLE 1

Possible identities of catalase-negative, Gram-positive cocci based on certain phenotypic reactions and cellular morphology

Citation: Christensen J, Ruoff K. 2015. Aerococcus, Abiotrophia, and Other Aerobic Catalase-Negative, Gram-Positive Cocci, p 422-436. In Jorgensen J, Pfaller M, Carroll K, Funke G, Landry M, Richter S, Warnock D (ed), Manual of Clinical Microbiology, Eleventh Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555817381.ch24

Back to top
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Please check the format of the address you have entered.
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error