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Category: Clinical Microbiology
Mould Identification, Page 1 of 2
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“Mould” is an informal term signifying a fungus growing mostly or entirely in the form of diffuse filaments and usually producing an asexual reproductive state or a sexual state that is not a large, complex fruiting body. Most such fungi are recognized as asexual states or asexual species (the former have known sexual states, while the latter do not) related to various fungi in the phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. In addition, members of the phylum Zygomycota generally grow as moulds.
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Sporangiophores and sporangia of Absidia (schematic).
Sporangiophores and sporangia of Absidia (schematic).
Sporangiophores and rhizoids of Rhizopus (schematic).
Sporangiophores and rhizoids of Rhizopus (schematic).
Simple arthroconidia of Geotrichum (schematic).
Simple arthroconidia of Geotrichum (schematic).
Alternate arthroconidia of Coccidioides (schematic).
Alternate arthroconidia of Coccidioides (schematic).
Macroconidium (left) and microconidia (right) of Microsporum (schematic)
Macroconidium (left) and microconidia (right) of Microsporum (schematic)
Blastoconidia of Cladosporium(schematic).
Blastoconidia of Cladosporium(schematic).
Sympodially proliferating conidiogenous cell with blastoconidia of S. schenckii in rosette (schematic).
Sympodially proliferating conidiogenous cell with blastoconidia of S. schenckii in rosette (schematic).
Phialide of Phialophora (schematic).
Phialide of Phialophora (schematic).
Aspergillus structures.
Aspergillus structures.
Annellides of Exophiala (schematic).
Annellides of Exophiala (schematic).
Pycnidia of Phoma, face view and cross section (schematic).
Pycnidia of Phoma, face view and cross section (schematic).
Ascoma structures of Eurotium (one of several sexual states of Aspergillus spp.) (schematic) as seen at different magnifications (cleistothecium with asci, as seen at ×100; ascus with ascospores, as seen at ×400; released ascospores, as seen at ×1,000).
Ascoma structures of Eurotium (one of several sexual states of Aspergillus spp.) (schematic) as seen at different magnifications (cleistothecium with asci, as seen at ×100; ascus with ascospores, as seen at ×400; released ascospores, as seen at ×1,000).
Cell division in a dikaryotic basidiomycetous hypha, showing development of a clamp connection.
Cell division in a dikaryotic basidiomycetous hypha, showing development of a clamp connection.
Basidium and basidiospores.
Basidium and basidiospores.
Terminal chlamydospore.
Terminal chlamydospore.
Chain of symmetrical chlamydospores.
Chain of symmetrical chlamydospores.
Chain of asymmetrical chlamydospores (cow's teeth).
Chain of asymmetrical chlamydospores (cow's teeth).
Pedicels (matchstick stalks) of T. tonsurans (schematic).
Pedicels (matchstick stalks) of T. tonsurans (schematic).
Macroconidia of M. cookei(schematic) with cytoplasmic compartments indicated by dotted lines.
Macroconidia of M. cookei(schematic) with cytoplasmic compartments indicated by dotted lines.
Helical seta (spiral appendage) of T. mentagrophytes (schematic).
Helical seta (spiral appendage) of T. mentagrophytes (schematic).
Reflexive branching of T. schoenleinii (schematic)
Reflexive branching of T. schoenleinii (schematic)
Swollen nailhead hyphae of T. schoenleinii (schematic).
Swollen nailhead hyphae of T. schoenleinii (schematic).
Hypha with pectinate branching as seen in M. audouinii (schematic).
Hypha with pectinate branching as seen in M. audouinii (schematic).
Lateral hyphal “projection” or diverticulum of T. rubrum (schematic).
Lateral hyphal “projection” or diverticulum of T. rubrum (schematic).
Definitions of terms used to describe morphological structures
Definitions of terms used to describe morphological structures
Phenotypic characteristics useful for identification of Zygomycota a
a In 2007, Hibbett et al. ( 8 ) revised the Zygomycota, and the medically important species were placed in the Mucormycotina, order Mucorales, and Conidiobolus ranaram was placed in the Entomophthoromycotina, order Entomophthorales.
b In 2007, Hoffman et al. ( 9 ) revised the genus Absidia, and the medically important species, including A. corymbifera, have been grouped into a new genus, Mycocladus.
Phenotypic characteristics useful for identification of Zygomycota a
a In 2007, Hibbett et al. ( 8 ) revised the Zygomycota, and the medically important species were placed in the Mucormycotina, order Mucorales, and Conidiobolus ranaram was placed in the Entomophthoromycotina, order Entomophthorales.
b In 2007, Hoffman et al. ( 9 ) revised the genus Absidia, and the medically important species, including A. corymbifera, have been grouped into a new genus, Mycocladus.
Description of terms for conidial ontogeny and reproductive structures of the Ascomycota
Description of terms for conidial ontogeny and reproductive structures of the Ascomycota
Description of terms for conidial ontogeny and reproductive structures of the Ascomycota
Description of terms for conidial ontogeny and reproductive structures of the Ascomycota
Common media used for moulds
Common media used for moulds
Temperature tests commonly used in identification of clinically important moulds
Temperature tests commonly used in identification of clinically important moulds
Temperature tests commonly used in identification of clinically important moulds
Temperature tests commonly used in identification of clinically important moulds
Cycloheximide responses of common or critical clinical laboratory moulds (including abundant contaminants)
a Semitolerant, restricted in colony growth rate but not killed at 100 mg of cycloheximide liter−1; usually killed or strongly restricted at 500 mg liter−1.
b Normally nonpathogenic, usually insignificant when isolated but rare opportunistic infection is possible.
Cycloheximide responses of common or critical clinical laboratory moulds (including abundant contaminants)
a Semitolerant, restricted in colony growth rate but not killed at 100 mg of cycloheximide liter−1; usually killed or strongly restricted at 500 mg liter−1.
b Normally nonpathogenic, usually insignificant when isolated but rare opportunistic infection is possible.
Distinguishing features for preliminary identification of mould phases of dimorphic systemic pathogens
a See reference 20 for detailed descriptions of important mimic fungi.
Distinguishing features for preliminary identification of mould phases of dimorphic systemic pathogens
a See reference 20 for detailed descriptions of important mimic fungi.
Particulate phases of dimorphic fungi as seen in in vitro conversion and their differentiating characteristics
Particulate phases of dimorphic fungi as seen in in vitro conversion and their differentiating characteristics
Dermatophyte micromorphological structures
Dermatophyte micromorphological structures
Phenotypic identification characteristics of common and occasionally seen dermatophytes, as well as rare species potentially used in QC trials
a Common.
b Uncommon, but likely to be seen in large laboratories in the Americas and Europe.
c Unlikely ever to be seen except in proficiency test or region of endemicity.
d Technical taxonomic note. This ecological category includes anthropophilic but not zoophilic forms both of T. interdigitale sensu Gräser et al. ( 7 ) and of T. mentagrophytes anamorphs phylogenetically clustered with Arthroderma benhamiae. These forms were previously collectively called by the nomenclaturally invalid name “T. mentagrophytes var. interdigitale” by some workers. Although this name was conceived as encompassing all anthropophilic T. mentagrophytes-like isolates, this heterogeneous group cannot be placed under any single name except T. mentagrophytes sensu lato (species aggregate concept of T. mentagrophytes as used in the present work). Recent phylogenetic work has not been clear on this point, because the existence of rat and chinchilla strains, as well as anthropophilic strains, within the concept of T. interdigitale sensu Gräser et al. was not explicitly mentioned.
e Mod., moderately.
f Pos, positive; Neg, negative.
Phenotypic identification characteristics of common and occasionally seen dermatophytes, as well as rare species potentially used in QC trials
a Common.
b Uncommon, but likely to be seen in large laboratories in the Americas and Europe.
c Unlikely ever to be seen except in proficiency test or region of endemicity.
d Technical taxonomic note. This ecological category includes anthropophilic but not zoophilic forms both of T. interdigitale sensu Gräser et al. ( 7 ) and of T. mentagrophytes anamorphs phylogenetically clustered with Arthroderma benhamiae. These forms were previously collectively called by the nomenclaturally invalid name “T. mentagrophytes var. interdigitale” by some workers. Although this name was conceived as encompassing all anthropophilic T. mentagrophytes-like isolates, this heterogeneous group cannot be placed under any single name except T. mentagrophytes sensu lato (species aggregate concept of T. mentagrophytes as used in the present work). Recent phylogenetic work has not been clear on this point, because the existence of rat and chinchilla strains, as well as anthropophilic strains, within the concept of T. interdigitale sensu Gräser et al. was not explicitly mentioned.
e Mod., moderately.
f Pos, positive; Neg, negative.
Phenotypic identification characteristics of common and occasionally seen dermatophytes, as well as rare species potentially used in QC trials
a Common.
b Uncommon, but likely to be seen in large laboratories in the Americas and Europe.
c Unlikely ever to be seen except in proficiency test or region of endemicity.
d Technical taxonomic note. This ecological category includes anthropophilic but not zoophilic forms both of T. interdigitale sensu Gräser et al. ( 7 ) and of T. mentagrophytes anamorphs phylogenetically clustered with Arthroderma benhamiae. These forms were previously collectively called by the nomenclaturally invalid name “T. mentagrophytes var. interdigitale” by some workers. Although this name was conceived as encompassing all anthropophilic T. mentagrophytes-like isolates, this heterogeneous group cannot be placed under any single name except T. mentagrophytes sensu lato (species aggregate concept of T. mentagrophytes as used in the present work). Recent phylogenetic work has not been clear on this point, because the existence of rat and chinchilla strains, as well as anthropophilic strains, within the concept of T. interdigitale sensu Gräser et al. was not explicitly mentioned.
e Mod., moderately.
f Pos, positive; Neg, negative.
Phenotypic identification characteristics of common and occasionally seen dermatophytes, as well as rare species potentially used in QC trials
a Common.
b Uncommon, but likely to be seen in large laboratories in the Americas and Europe.
c Unlikely ever to be seen except in proficiency test or region of endemicity.
d Technical taxonomic note. This ecological category includes anthropophilic but not zoophilic forms both of T. interdigitale sensu Gräser et al. ( 7 ) and of T. mentagrophytes anamorphs phylogenetically clustered with Arthroderma benhamiae. These forms were previously collectively called by the nomenclaturally invalid name “T. mentagrophytes var. interdigitale” by some workers. Although this name was conceived as encompassing all anthropophilic T. mentagrophytes-like isolates, this heterogeneous group cannot be placed under any single name except T. mentagrophytes sensu lato (species aggregate concept of T. mentagrophytes as used in the present work). Recent phylogenetic work has not been clear on this point, because the existence of rat and chinchilla strains, as well as anthropophilic strains, within the concept of T. interdigitale sensu Gräser et al. was not explicitly mentioned.
e Mod., moderately.
f Pos, positive; Neg, negative.
Phenotypic identification characteristics of common and occasionally seen dermatophytes, as well as rare species potentially used in QC trials
a Common.
b Uncommon, but likely to be seen in large laboratories in the Americas and Europe.
c Unlikely ever to be seen except in proficiency test or region of endemicity.
d Technical taxonomic note. This ecological category includes anthropophilic but not zoophilic forms both of T. interdigitale sensu Gräser et al. ( 7 ) and of T. mentagrophytes anamorphs phylogenetically clustered with Arthroderma benhamiae. These forms were previously collectively called by the nomenclaturally invalid name “T. mentagrophytes var. interdigitale” by some workers. Although this name was conceived as encompassing all anthropophilic T. mentagrophytes-like isolates, this heterogeneous group cannot be placed under any single name except T. mentagrophytes sensu lato (species aggregate concept of T. mentagrophytes as used in the present work). Recent phylogenetic work has not been clear on this point, because the existence of rat and chinchilla strains, as well as anthropophilic strains, within the concept of T. interdigitale sensu Gräser et al. was not explicitly mentioned.
e Mod., moderately.
f Pos, positive; Neg, negative.
Phenotypic identification characteristics of common and occasionally seen dermatophytes, as well as rare species potentially used in QC trials
a Common.
b Uncommon, but likely to be seen in large laboratories in the Americas and Europe.
c Unlikely ever to be seen except in proficiency test or region of endemicity.
d Technical taxonomic note. This ecological category includes anthropophilic but not zoophilic forms both of T. interdigitale sensu Gräser et al. ( 7 ) and of T. mentagrophytes anamorphs phylogenetically clustered with Arthroderma benhamiae. These forms were previously collectively called by the nomenclaturally invalid name “T. mentagrophytes var. interdigitale” by some workers. Although this name was conceived as encompassing all anthropophilic T. mentagrophytes-like isolates, this heterogeneous group cannot be placed under any single name except T. mentagrophytes sensu lato (species aggregate concept of T. mentagrophytes as used in the present work). Recent phylogenetic work has not been clear on this point, because the existence of rat and chinchilla strains, as well as anthropophilic strains, within the concept of T. interdigitale sensu Gräser et al. was not explicitly mentioned.
e Mod., moderately.
f Pos, positive; Neg, negative.
Phenotypic identification characteristics of common and occasionally seen dermatophytes, as well as rare species potentially used in QC trials
a Common.
b Uncommon, but likely to be seen in large laboratories in the Americas and Europe.
c Unlikely ever to be seen except in proficiency test or region of endemicity.
d Technical taxonomic note. This ecological category includes anthropophilic but not zoophilic forms both of T. interdigitale sensu Gräser et al. ( 7 ) and of T. mentagrophytes anamorphs phylogenetically clustered with Arthroderma benhamiae. These forms were previously collectively called by the nomenclaturally invalid name “T. mentagrophytes var. interdigitale” by some workers. Although this name was conceived as encompassing all anthropophilic T. mentagrophytes-like isolates, this heterogeneous group cannot be placed under any single name except T. mentagrophytes sensu lato (species aggregate concept of T. mentagrophytes as used in the present work). Recent phylogenetic work has not been clear on this point, because the existence of rat and chinchilla strains, as well as anthropophilic strains, within the concept of T. interdigitale sensu Gräser et al. was not explicitly mentioned.
e Mod., moderately.
f Pos, positive; Neg, negative.
Phenotypic identification characteristics of common and occasionally seen dermatophytes, as well as rare species potentially used in QC trials
a Common.
b Uncommon, but likely to be seen in large laboratories in the Americas and Europe.
c Unlikely ever to be seen except in proficiency test or region of endemicity.
d Technical taxonomic note. This ecological category includes anthropophilic but not zoophilic forms both of T. interdigitale sensu Gräser et al. ( 7 ) and of T. mentagrophytes anamorphs phylogenetically clustered with Arthroderma benhamiae. These forms were previously collectively called by the nomenclaturally invalid name “T. mentagrophytes var. interdigitale” by some workers. Although this name was conceived as encompassing all anthropophilic T. mentagrophytes-like isolates, this heterogeneous group cannot be placed under any single name except T. mentagrophytes sensu lato (species aggregate concept of T. mentagrophytes as used in the present work). Recent phylogenetic work has not been clear on this point, because the existence of rat and chinchilla strains, as well as anthropophilic strains, within the concept of T. interdigitale sensu Gräser et al. was not explicitly mentioned.
e Mod., moderately.
f Pos, positive; Neg, negative.
Phenotypic identification characteristics of common and occasionally seen dermatophytes, as well as rare species potentially used in QC trials
a Common.
b Uncommon, but likely to be seen in large laboratories in the Americas and Europe.
c Unlikely ever to be seen except in proficiency test or region of endemicity.
d Technical taxonomic note. This ecological category includes anthropophilic but not zoophilic forms both of T. interdigitale sensu Gräser et al. ( 7 ) and of T. mentagrophytes anamorphs phylogenetically clustered with Arthroderma benhamiae. These forms were previously collectively called by the nomenclaturally invalid name “T. mentagrophytes var. interdigitale” by some workers. Although this name was conceived as encompassing all anthropophilic T. mentagrophytes-like isolates, this heterogeneous group cannot be placed under any single name except T. mentagrophytes sensu lato (species aggregate concept of T. mentagrophytes as used in the present work). Recent phylogenetic work has not been clear on this point, because the existence of rat and chinchilla strains, as well as anthropophilic strains, within the concept of T. interdigitale sensu Gräser et al. was not explicitly mentioned.
e Mod., moderately.
f Pos, positive; Neg, negative.
Phenotypic identification characteristics of common and occasionally seen dermatophytes, as well as rare species potentially used in QC trials
a Common.
b Uncommon, but likely to be seen in large laboratories in the Americas and Europe.
c Unlikely ever to be seen except in proficiency test or region of endemicity.
d Technical taxonomic note. This ecological category includes anthropophilic but not zoophilic forms both of T. interdigitale sensu Gräser et al. ( 7 ) and of T. mentagrophytes anamorphs phylogenetically clustered with Arthroderma benhamiae. These forms were previously collectively called by the nomenclaturally invalid name “T. mentagrophytes var. interdigitale” by some workers. Although this name was conceived as encompassing all anthropophilic T. mentagrophytes-like isolates, this heterogeneous group cannot be placed under any single name except T. mentagrophytes sensu lato (species aggregate concept of T. mentagrophytes as used in the present work). Recent phylogenetic work has not been clear on this point, because the existence of rat and chinchilla strains, as well as anthropophilic strains, within the concept of T. interdigitale sensu Gräser et al. was not explicitly mentioned.
e Mod., moderately.
f Pos, positive; Neg, negative.
Phenotypic identification characteristics of common and occasionally seen dermatophytes, as well as rare species potentially used in QC trials
a Common.
b Uncommon, but likely to be seen in large laboratories in the Americas and Europe.
c Unlikely ever to be seen except in proficiency test or region of endemicity.
d Technical taxonomic note. This ecological category includes anthropophilic but not zoophilic forms both of T. interdigitale sensu Gräser et al. ( 7 ) and of T. mentagrophytes anamorphs phylogenetically clustered with Arthroderma benhamiae. These forms were previously collectively called by the nomenclaturally invalid name “T. mentagrophytes var. interdigitale” by some workers. Although this name was conceived as encompassing all anthropophilic T. mentagrophytes-like isolates, this heterogeneous group cannot be placed under any single name except T. mentagrophytes sensu lato (species aggregate concept of T. mentagrophytes as used in the present work). Recent phylogenetic work has not been clear on this point, because the existence of rat and chinchilla strains, as well as anthropophilic strains, within the concept of T. interdigitale sensu Gräser et al. was not explicitly mentioned.
e Mod., moderately.
f Pos, positive; Neg, negative.
Phenotypic identification characteristics of common and occasionally seen dermatophytes, as well as rare species potentially used in QC trials
a Common.
b Uncommon, but likely to be seen in large laboratories in the Americas and Europe.
c Unlikely ever to be seen except in proficiency test or region of endemicity.
d Technical taxonomic note. This ecological category includes anthropophilic but not zoophilic forms both of T. interdigitale sensu Gräser et al. ( 7 ) and of T. mentagrophytes anamorphs phylogenetically clustered with Arthroderma benhamiae. These forms were previously collectively called by the nomenclaturally invalid name “T. mentagrophytes var. interdigitale” by some workers. Although this name was conceived as encompassing all anthropophilic T. mentagrophytes-like isolates, this heterogeneous group cannot be placed under any single name except T. mentagrophytes sensu lato (species aggregate concept of T. mentagrophytes as used in the present work). Recent phylogenetic work has not been clear on this point, because the existence of rat and chinchilla strains, as well as anthropophilic strains, within the concept of T. interdigitale sensu Gräser et al. was not explicitly mentioned.
e Mod., moderately.
f Pos, positive; Neg, negative.
Phenotypic identification characteristics of common and occasionally seen dermatophytes, as well as rare species potentially used in QC trials
a Common.
b Uncommon, but likely to be seen in large laboratories in the Americas and Europe.
c Unlikely ever to be seen except in proficiency test or region of endemicity.
d Technical taxonomic note. This ecological category includes anthropophilic but not zoophilic forms both of T. interdigitale sensu Gräser et al. ( 7 ) and of T. mentagrophytes anamorphs phylogenetically clustered with Arthroderma benhamiae. These forms were previously collectively called by the nomenclaturally invalid name “T. mentagrophytes var. interdigitale” by some workers. Although this name was conceived as encompassing all anthropophilic T. mentagrophytes-like isolates, this heterogeneous group cannot be placed under any single name except T. mentagrophytes sensu lato (species aggregate concept of T. mentagrophytes as used in the present work). Recent phylogenetic work has not been clear on this point, because the existence of rat and chinchilla strains, as well as anthropophilic strains, within the concept of T. interdigitale sensu Gräser et al. was not explicitly mentioned.
e Mod., moderately.
f Pos, positive; Neg, negative.
Phenotypic identification characteristics of common and occasionally seen dermatophytes, as well as rare species potentially used in QC trials
a Common.
b Uncommon, but likely to be seen in large laboratories in the Americas and Europe.
c Unlikely ever to be seen except in proficiency test or region of endemicity.
d Technical taxonomic note. This ecological category includes anthropophilic but not zoophilic forms both of T. interdigitale sensu Gräser et al. ( 7 ) and of T. mentagrophytes anamorphs phylogenetically clustered with Arthroderma benhamiae. These forms were previously collectively called by the nomenclaturally invalid name “T. mentagrophytes var. interdigitale” by some workers. Although this name was conceived as encompassing all anthropophilic T. mentagrophytes-like isolates, this heterogeneous group cannot be placed under any single name except T. mentagrophytes sensu lato (species aggregate concept of T. mentagrophytes as used in the present work). Recent phylogenetic work has not been clear on this point, because the existence of rat and chinchilla strains, as well as anthropophilic strains, within the concept of T. interdigitale sensu Gräser et al. was not explicitly mentioned.
e Mod., moderately.
f Pos, positive; Neg, negative.
Most common fungi other than dermatophytes and Scytalidium repeatedly and rigorously implicated as causal agents of onychomycosis
Most common fungi other than dermatophytes and Scytalidium repeatedly and rigorously implicated as causal agents of onychomycosis