Chemical Analysis

Lacy Daniels; Richard S. Hanson; Jane A. Phillips

doi:10.1128/9781555817497.ch18

Chapter 18 : Chemical Analysis

Authors: Lacy Daniels, Richard S. Hanson, Jane A. Phillips

Content Type: Reference

Publication Year: 2007

Category: Microbial Genetics and Molecular Biology

Book DOI: 10.1128/9781555817497

Chapter DOI: 10.1128/9781555817497.ch18

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Abstract:

The methods selected for this chapter are most commonly used in research relating to microbial components and metabolism, but most are also suited to advanced undergraduate and graduate teaching laboratories. The incorporation of radioactively labeled compounds into bacterial cells is used as a means of estimating the rates and amounts of synthesis as well as the distribution of the main small molecule and macromolecule fractions of the cells. Macromolecules are precipitated by cold dilute solutions of trichloroacetic acid. The precipitate fraction of macromolecules is sequentially extracted with organic solvents for lipids, alkali for RNAs, and hot trichloroacetic acid for DNAs; the precipitate remaining after these extractions contains the cell proteins and peptidoglycan. Some macromolecules contain both carbohydrate and noncarbohydrate components (lipopolysaccharides, peptidoglycans, teichoic acids, lipoteichoic acids, teichuronic acids, nucleic acids, glycoproteins). In some cases gas-liquid chromatography can be useful when coupled with mass spectrometry. For nitrite analysis, the most widely accepted method involves modification of the diazotization and coupling reactions. The methods described in this section differ mainly in how the DNA is purified and prepared. A number of short-chain organic acids and alcohols are formed in bacterial cells as intermediates or end products of the citric acid, glycolytic, and other metabolic pathways.

Citation: Daniels L, Hanson R, Phillips J. 2007. Chemical Analysis, p 462-503. In Reddy C, Beveridge T, Breznak J, Marzluf G, Schmidt T, Snyder L (ed), Methods for General and Molecular Microbiology, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555817497.ch18

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Chemical Analysis

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/content/10.1128/9781555817497.chap18.fig18-1

FIGURE 1

Flow diagram of fractionation procedure.

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10.1128/9781555817497/fig18-1.gif

FIGURE 1

Flow diagram of fractionation procedure.

References

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Tables

Chemical Analysis

/content/10.1128/9781555817497.chap18.tab18-1

TABLE 1

Comparison of analytical techniques for analysis of nonprotein nitrogen compounds

a For further information and sensitivity, see analysis listed under appropriate nitrogen class.

10.1128/9781555817497/tab18-1_thmb.gif

10.1128/9781555817497/tab18-1.gif

TABLE 1

Comparison of analytical techniques for analysis of nonprotein nitrogen compounds

a For further information and sensitivity, see analysis listed under appropriate nitrogen class.

/content/10.1128/9781555817497.chap18.tab18-2

TABLE 2

Comparison of analytical techniques available for protein assay

a Sensitivity is given in micrograms per ml of solution in the assay. This can be converted easily to micrograms per ml of original solution by accounting for the dilution factors. When a range is given, both the extrasensitive microassay and the routine, less sensitive assays are described. Interfering substances may reduce this sensitivity but still allow accurate assays in an appropriate range.

b DTT, dithiothreitol.

c Glucose, Tris buffer, and ammonium sulfate can cause interference but can be corrected with proper blanks or pH adjustment.

10.1128/9781555817497/tab18-2_thmb.gif

10.1128/9781555817497/tab18-2.gif

TABLE 2

Comparison of analytical techniques available for protein assay

b DTT, dithiothreitol.

c Glucose, Tris buffer, and ammonium sulfate can cause interference but can be corrected with proper blanks or pH adjustment.