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Chapter 21 : Bacterial Respiration

Authors: Robert P. Gunsalus, Gary Cecchini, Imke Schröder
Content Type: Reference
Publication Year: 2007

Category: Microbial Genetics and Molecular Biology

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Abstract:

This chapter provides a brief introduction to assay the activity of respiratory enzymes. Spot assays can facilitate the rapid detection of enzyme activities in whole or permeabilized cells, in subcellular samples, or in chromatography fractions to follow protein purification. In-gel activity stains, or zymograms, offer an alternative approach to detect oxidoreductase enzymes, especially when the level of enzyme activity is at or below the sensitivity limit of a standardized quantitative enzyme assay. Conversely, if the cellular location of the enzyme is unknown, it can be determined experimentally. Finally, knowledge of the enzyme location can be useful in understanding the physiological role(s) of the enzyme in cell metabolism and in energy conservation. This section outlines experimental approaches to determine the cellular location of a redox enzyme following cell fractionation. Since succinate dehydrogenase may be partially deactivated by tightly bound oxaloacetate at its active site, the enzyme requires activation prior to enzyme assay by incubation with either malate or succinate. Prokaryotes exhibit considerable enzymatic diversity with respect to the number and types of cytochrome oxidase enzymes present for reduction of molecular oxygen to water. A section of the chapter describes a number of commonly used assays for anaerobic respiratory enzymes that act on terminal electron acceptors, including nitrate, nitrite, nitric oxide, nitrous oxide, fumarate, TMAO, DMSO, and metal oxides. The activity of NADH-dependent NirB-type enzymes is assayed by monitoring the oxidation of NADH.

Citation: Gunsalus R, Cecchini G, Schröder I. 2007. Bacterial Respiration, p 539-557. In Reddy C, Beveridge T, Breznak J, Marzluf G, Schmidt T, Snyder L (ed), Methods for General and Molecular Microbiology, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555817497.ch21

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Bacterial Respiration
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Citation: Gunsalus R, Cecchini G, Schröder I. 2007. Bacterial Respiration, p 539-557. In Reddy C, Beveridge T, Breznak J, Marzluf G, Schmidt T, Snyder L (ed), Methods for General and Molecular Microbiology, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555817497.ch21
/content/10.1128/9781555817497.chap21.fig21-1
FIGURE 1

Location of redox respiratory enzymes in the cell. The active site of a membrane-bound oxidoreductase may face the cytoplasm (A) or the periplasm (B). A soluble-type oxidoreductase may be located either in the periplasmic space (C) or in the cytoplasm (D). The electron acceptor substrate (S) is converted to the reduced product (P).

10.1128/9781555817497/fig21-1_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555817497/fig21-1.gif
Image of FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1

Location of redox respiratory enzymes in the cell. The active site of a membrane-bound oxidoreductase may face the cytoplasm (A) or the periplasm (B). A soluble-type oxidoreductase may be located either in the periplasmic space (C) or in the cytoplasm (D). The electron acceptor substrate (S) is converted to the reduced product (P).

Citation: Gunsalus R, Cecchini G, Schröder I. 2007. Bacterial Respiration, p 539-557. In Reddy C, Beveridge T, Breznak J, Marzluf G, Schmidt T, Snyder L (ed), Methods for General and Molecular Microbiology, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555817497.ch21
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FIGURE 2

Anaerobic cuvette gassing arrangement for performing anaerobic dye-dependent enzyme assays.

10.1128/9781555817497/fig21-2_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555817497/fig21-2.gif
Image of FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2

Anaerobic cuvette gassing arrangement for performing anaerobic dye-dependent enzyme assays.

Citation: Gunsalus R, Cecchini G, Schröder I. 2007. Bacterial Respiration, p 539-557. In Reddy C, Beveridge T, Breznak J, Marzluf G, Schmidt T, Snyder L (ed), Methods for General and Molecular Microbiology, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555817497.ch21
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FIGURE 3

Reactions of the dissimilatory sulfate reduction pathway.

10.1128/9781555817497/fig21-3_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555817497/fig21-3.gif
Image of FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3

Reactions of the dissimilatory sulfate reduction pathway.

Citation: Gunsalus R, Cecchini G, Schröder I. 2007. Bacterial Respiration, p 539-557. In Reddy C, Beveridge T, Breznak J, Marzluf G, Schmidt T, Snyder L (ed), Methods for General and Molecular Microbiology, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555817497.ch21
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Tables

Bacterial Respiration
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Citation: Gunsalus R, Cecchini G, Schröder I. 2007. Bacterial Respiration, p 539-557. In Reddy C, Beveridge T, Breznak J, Marzluf G, Schmidt T, Snyder L (ed), Methods for General and Molecular Microbiology, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555817497.ch21
/content/10.1128/9781555817497.chap21.tab21-1
TABLE 1

Standard redox potentials of selected electron donors and acceptors involved in bacterial oxidation-reduction reactions

Values derived from reference 91.

10.1128/9781555817497/tab21-1_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555817497/tab21-1.gif
Generic image for table
TABLE 1

Standard redox potentials of selected electron donors and acceptors involved in bacterial oxidation-reduction reactions

Values derived from reference 91.

Citation: Gunsalus R, Cecchini G, Schröder I. 2007. Bacterial Respiration, p 539-557. In Reddy C, Beveridge T, Breznak J, Marzluf G, Schmidt T, Snyder L (ed), Methods for General and Molecular Microbiology, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555817497.ch21
/content/10.1128/9781555817497.chap21.tab21-2
TABLE 2

Standard redox potentials of artificial and physiologicial redox substrates commonly used to assay respiratory enzymes

Extinction coefficient expressed at the indicated wavelength.

10.1128/9781555817497/tab21-2_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555817497/tab21-2.gif
Generic image for table
TABLE 2

Standard redox potentials of artificial and physiologicial redox substrates commonly used to assay respiratory enzymes

Extinction coefficient expressed at the indicated wavelength.

Citation: Gunsalus R, Cecchini G, Schröder I. 2007. Bacterial Respiration, p 539-557. In Reddy C, Beveridge T, Breznak J, Marzluf G, Schmidt T, Snyder L (ed), Methods for General and Molecular Microbiology, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555817497.ch21
/content/10.1128/9781555817497.chap21.tab21-3
TABLE 3

Artificial redox dye substrates that are able to permeate to the cytoplasmic membrane

10.1128/9781555817497/tab21-3_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555817497/tab21-3.gif
Generic image for table
TABLE 3

Artificial redox dye substrates that are able to permeate to the cytoplasmic membrane

Citation: Gunsalus R, Cecchini G, Schröder I. 2007. Bacterial Respiration, p 539-557. In Reddy C, Beveridge T, Breznak J, Marzluf G, Schmidt T, Snyder L (ed), Methods for General and Molecular Microbiology, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555817497.ch21
/content/10.1128/9781555817497.chap21.tab21-4
TABLE 4

Artificial redox dye substrates that are unable to permeate to the cytoplasmic membrane.

10.1128/9781555817497/tab21-4_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555817497/tab21-4.gif
Generic image for table
TABLE 4

Artificial redox dye substrates that are unable to permeate to the cytoplasmic membrane.

Citation: Gunsalus R, Cecchini G, Schröder I. 2007. Bacterial Respiration, p 539-557. In Reddy C, Beveridge T, Breznak J, Marzluf G, Schmidt T, Snyder L (ed), Methods for General and Molecular Microbiology, Third Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555817497.ch21

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