Chatper 13 : Human Leisure and Lifestyle

Abstract:

This chapter documents various infections caused by microorganisms and viruses that occurred to humans in the past at public places and gatherings such as fairs and mass gatherings, catered events and restaurants, swimming pools and spas, outdoor sports and hobbies, indoor sports and hobbies, and also under other circumstances like female prostitution, sex among men and injection drug use. At regional, crowded indoor fairs, locally prevalent respiratory viral and bacterial agents are likely to circulate. At international fairs a broad agent spectrum must be assumed, including intentionally released, weaponized agents. Catered events include commercial venues that sell ready-to-eat foods. In France, about one third of food-borne outbreaks occur at private parties. Sources of contaminated pool water are people animals, and runoff water. Infections are acquired from ingestion (swallow), inhalation (aerosol), or contact. Skin manifestations from exposure to artificial recreational water include dermatitis (by Pseudomonas and Schistosoma), granuloma (by environmental mycobacteria), external otitis, and keratitis (by free-living amebas). Fecal perils exist in camps, including from poor hand and kitchen hygiene, unsafe drinking water, lack of latrines, and animal manure on campgrounds. Water, soil, and plant contacts are potential hazards, including from gardening and hiking. Infections from indoor leisure activities are poorly documented or rare. Members of sports teams and visitors of parties, discos, bars, and night clubs are potential victims and sources of respiratory tract infections.