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Chatper 14 : Human Community
Author:
Dieter A. Stürchler1
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Affiliations:
1: Department of Social and Preventive Medicine Basel University and Sturchler Epidemiologics, Büren, Switzerland
Content Type: Reference
Publication Year:
2006
Category: Clinical Microbiology
Book DOI:
10.1128/9781555817510
Chapter DOI:
10.1128/9781555817510.ch14
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Human Community, Page 1 of 2
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Abstract:
“Community-acquired” is often used to describe all infections acquired outside hospitals. This broad sense aggregates community habitats such as homes, workplaces, and leisure venues. Here, the term is used more restrictively, for day care and schools, public places, and the “general” population. Determinants of endemicity in communities include municipal utilities (tap water, sanitation, and garbage), age of primoinfection, carrier prevalence, and herd (collective) immunity. Poorly integrated or reached minorities can be significant community infection reservoirs. Infection is acquired from carriers in the community, inhalation, ingestion (catered events), or inoculation. Control and preventive measures should involve community members, e.g., participation in programs for safe water, sanitation, vaccination, and elimination of breeding sites. The majority of adults are immune to vaccine-preventable agents, from vaccination or natural infection. Risks in day care include crowding, poor hygiene by small children and untrained staff, and inadequate facilities. Pharyngeal carriage of respiratory agents is 2–5 times more frequent in children in day care than in control children. In day care, spread from skin contact and saliva (licking and drooling) is likely. Major community-acquired diseases include respiratory tract infection (RTI), diarrhea, and STI. Mother-to-child transmitted infections are included because agents can be acquired in the community and because of the potential for lifelong disability.
Citation:
Stürchler D.
2006.
Human Community,
p 335-392.
In
Exposure.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817510.ch14
Figures
Human Community
Citation:
Stürchler D.
2006.
Human Community,
p 335-392.
In
Exposure.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817510.ch14
/content/10.1128/9781555817510.chap14.fig14-1
Figure 14.1
Laboratory reports of adenovirus infections, Australia 1991–2000 (n = 13,924). Reports (y axis) are given by age groups (x axis, in years) and sex (females, light; males, dark). From reference 6350. Copyright by Commonwealth of Australia. Reproduced with permission.
10.1128/9781555817510/fig14-1_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555817510/fig14-1.gif
Figure 14.1
Laboratory reports of adenovirus infections, Australia 1991–2000 (n = 13,924). Reports (y axis) are given by age groups (x axis, in years) and sex (females, light; males, dark). From reference 6350. Copyright by Commonwealth of Australia. Reproduced with permission.
Citation:
Stürchler D.
2006.
Human Community,
p 335-392.
In
Exposure.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817510.ch14
/content/10.1128/9781555817510.chap14.fig14-2
Figure 14.2
Invasive Salmonella disease reported by FoodNet, United States, 1996–1999, (n = 540, mainly serovar Typhimurium). Rate is given per 105 (y axis), by age group (x axis, in years), and sex (males, line; females, dots). From reference 7881.
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10.1128/9781555817510/fig14-2.gif
Figure 14.2
Invasive Salmonella disease reported by FoodNet, United States, 1996–1999, (n = 540, mainly serovar Typhimurium). Rate is given per 105 (y axis), by age group (x axis, in years), and sex (males, line; females, dots). From reference 7881.
Citation:
Stürchler D.
2006.
Human Community,
p 335-392.
In
Exposure.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817510.ch14
/content/10.1128/9781555817510.chap14.fig14-3
Figure 14.3
Laboratory reports of Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Australia 1991–2000 (n = 10,620). Reports (y axis) are given by age groups (x axis, in years) and sex (females, light; males, dark). From reference 6350. Copyright by Commonwealth of Australia. Reproduced with permission.
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Figure 14.3
Laboratory reports of Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Australia 1991–2000 (n = 10,620). Reports (y axis) are given by age groups (x axis, in years) and sex (females, light; males, dark). From reference 6350. Copyright by Commonwealth of Australia. Reproduced with permission.
Citation:
Stürchler D.
2006.
Human Community,
p 335-392.
In
Exposure.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817510.ch14
/content/10.1128/9781555817510.chap14.fig14-4
Figure 14.4
Incident hepatitis B reports, Australia, 2002 (n = 400). Rate per 105 (y axis, overall 2) is given by age groups (x axis, in years) and sex (females, light; males, dark). From reference 8342. Copyright by Commonwealth of Australia. Reproduced with permission.
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10.1128/9781555817510/fig14-4.gif
Figure 14.4
Incident hepatitis B reports, Australia, 2002 (n = 400). Rate per 105 (y axis, overall 2) is given by age groups (x axis, in years) and sex (females, light; males, dark). From reference 8342. Copyright by Commonwealth of Australia. Reproduced with permission.
Citation:
Stürchler D.
2006.
Human Community,
p 335-392.
In
Exposure.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817510.ch14
/content/10.1128/9781555817510.chap14.fig14-5
Figure 14.5
Gonococcal infection reports,Australia, 2002 (n=6,247). Rate per 105 (y axis, overall 32) is given by age groups (x axis, in years) and sex (females, light; males, dark). From reference 8342. Copyright by Commonwealth of Australia. Reproduced with permission.
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Figure 14.5
Gonococcal infection reports,Australia, 2002 (n=6,247). Rate per 105 (y axis, overall 32) is given by age groups (x axis, in years) and sex (females, light; males, dark). From reference 8342. Copyright by Commonwealth of Australia. Reproduced with permission.
Citation:
Stürchler D.
2006.
Human Community,
p 335-392.
In
Exposure.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817510.ch14
/content/10.1128/9781555817510.chap14.fig14-6
Figure 14.6
Rubella reports, Australia, 2002 (n = 254). Rate per 105 (y axis, overall 1.3) is given by age groups (x axis, in years) and sex (females, light; males, dark). Reports included 56 cases in women of child-bearing age (15–49 years). From reference 8342. Copyright by Commonwealth of Australia. Reproduced with permission.
10.1128/9781555817510/fig14-6_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555817510/fig14-6.gif
Figure 14.6
Rubella reports, Australia, 2002 (n = 254). Rate per 105 (y axis, overall 1.3) is given by age groups (x axis, in years) and sex (females, light; males, dark). Reports included 56 cases in women of child-bearing age (15–49 years). From reference 8342. Copyright by Commonwealth of Australia. Reproduced with permission.
Citation:
Stürchler D.
2006.
Human Community,
p 335-392.
In
Exposure.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817510.ch14
/content/10.1128/9781555817510.chap14.fig14-7
Figure 14.7
Legionella infection reports, Australia, 2002 (n = 318). Rate per 105 (y axis, overall 1.6) is given by age groups (x axis, in years) and sex (females, light; males, dark). From reference 8342. Copyright by Commonwealth of Australia. Reproduced with permission.
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Figure 14.7
Legionella infection reports, Australia, 2002 (n = 318). Rate per 105 (y axis, overall 1.6) is given by age groups (x axis, in years) and sex (females, light; males, dark). From reference 8342. Copyright by Commonwealth of Australia. Reproduced with permission.
Citation:
Stürchler D.
2006.
Human Community,
p 335-392.
In
Exposure.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817510.ch14
/content/10.1128/9781555817510.chap14.fig14-8
Figure 14.8
Invasive meningococcal disease reports, Australia, 2002 (n = 684, 53% B, 39% C). Rate per 105 (y axis, overall 3.5) is given by age groups (x axis, in years) and sex (females, light; males, dark). Age-specific rates were highest at age 0–4 years (13.6/105) and 15–19 years (10.3/105). From reference 8342. Copyright by Commonwealth of Australia. Reproduced with permission.
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Figure 14.8
Invasive meningococcal disease reports, Australia, 2002 (n = 684, 53% B, 39% C). Rate per 105 (y axis, overall 3.5) is given by age groups (x axis, in years) and sex (females, light; males, dark). Age-specific rates were highest at age 0–4 years (13.6/105) and 15–19 years (10.3/105). From reference 8342. Copyright by Commonwealth of Australia. Reproduced with permission.
Citation:
Stürchler D.
2006.
Human Community,
p 335-392.
In
Exposure.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817510.ch14
/content/10.1128/9781555817510.chap14.fig14-9
Figure 14.9
Laboratory reports of cytomegalovirus infections, Australia 1991–2000 (n = 13,928). Reports (y axis) are given by age groups (x axis, in years) and sex (females, light; males, dark). From reference 6350. Copyright by Commonwealth of Australia. Reproduced with permission.
10.1128/9781555817510/fig14-9_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555817510/fig14-9.gif
Figure 14.9
Laboratory reports of cytomegalovirus infections, Australia 1991–2000 (n = 13,928). Reports (y axis) are given by age groups (x axis, in years) and sex (females, light; males, dark). From reference 6350. Copyright by Commonwealth of Australia. Reproduced with permission.
Citation:
Stürchler D.
2006.
Human Community,
p 335-392.
In
Exposure.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817510.ch14
/content/10.1128/9781555817510.chap14.fig14-10
Figure 14.10
Laboratory confirmed influenza reports, Australia, 2002 (n=3,665, 99% A/H3N2). Rate per 105 (y axis, overall 18.6) is given by age groups (x axis, in years) and sex (females, light; males, dark). From reference 8342. Copyright by Commonwealth of Australia. Reproduced with permission.
10.1128/9781555817510/fig14-10_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555817510/fig14-10.gif
Figure 14.10
Laboratory confirmed influenza reports, Australia, 2002 (n=3,665, 99% A/H3N2). Rate per 105 (y axis, overall 18.6) is given by age groups (x axis, in years) and sex (females, light; males, dark). From reference 8342. Copyright by Commonwealth of Australia. Reproduced with permission.
Citation:
Stürchler D.
2006.
Human Community,
p 335-392.
In
Exposure.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817510.ch14
/content/10.1128/9781555817510.chap14.fig14-11
Figure 14.11
Invasive pneumococcal disease reports, Australia, 2002 (n = 2,271). Rate per 105 (y axis, overall 11.5) is given by age groups (x axis, in years) and sex (females, light; males, dark). Agespecific rates were highest at age 0–4 years (insert, 57/105) and >85 years (52/105). From reference 8342. Copyright by Commonwealth of Australia. Reproduced with permission.
10.1128/9781555817510/fig14-11_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555817510/fig14-11.gif
Figure 14.11
Invasive pneumococcal disease reports, Australia, 2002 (n = 2,271). Rate per 105 (y axis, overall 11.5) is given by age groups (x axis, in years) and sex (females, light; males, dark). Agespecific rates were highest at age 0–4 years (insert, 57/105) and >85 years (52/105). From reference 8342. Copyright by Commonwealth of Australia. Reproduced with permission.
Citation:
Stürchler D.
2006.
Human Community,
p 335-392.
In
Exposure.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817510.ch14
/content/10.1128/9781555817510.chap14.fig14-12
Figure 14.12
Bacteriologically confirmed tuberculosis reports, Australia, 2001 (n = 771). Rate per 105 (y axis, overall 4.0) is given by age groups (x axis, in years) and sex (females, dark; males, light). From reference 4567. Copyright by Commonwealth of Australia. Reproduced with permission.
10.1128/9781555817510/fig14-12_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555817510/fig14-12.gif
Figure 14.12
Bacteriologically confirmed tuberculosis reports, Australia, 2001 (n = 771). Rate per 105 (y axis, overall 4.0) is given by age groups (x axis, in years) and sex (females, dark; males, light). From reference 4567. Copyright by Commonwealth of Australia. Reproduced with permission.
Citation:
Stürchler D.
2006.
Human Community,
p 335-392.
In
Exposure.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817510.ch14
/content/10.1128/9781555817510.chap14.fig14-13
Figure 14.13
Laboratory reports of Epstein-Barr virus infections, Australia, 1991–2000 (n = 18,219). Reports (y axis) are given by age groups (x axis, in years) and sex (females, light; males, dark). From reference 6350. Copyright by Commonwealth of Australia. Reproduced with permission.
10.1128/9781555817510/fig14-13_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555817510/fig14-13.gif
Figure 14.13
Laboratory reports of Epstein-Barr virus infections, Australia, 1991–2000 (n = 18,219). Reports (y axis) are given by age groups (x axis, in years) and sex (females, light; males, dark). From reference 6350. Copyright by Commonwealth of Australia. Reproduced with permission.
Citation:
Stürchler D.
2006.
Human Community,
p 335-392.
In
Exposure.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817510.ch14
/content/10.1128/9781555817510.chap14.fig14-14
Figure 14.14
Laboratory reports of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infections, Australia, 1991–2000 (n ∼30,000). Reports (y axis) are given by age groups (x axis, in years) and sex (females, light; males, dark). 57% of reports were for age group 15–24 years. From reference 6350. Copyright by Commonwealth of Australia. Reproduced with permission.
10.1128/9781555817510/fig14-14_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555817510/fig14-14.gif
Figure 14.14
Laboratory reports of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infections, Australia, 1991–2000 (n ∼30,000). Reports (y axis) are given by age groups (x axis, in years) and sex (females, light; males, dark). 57% of reports were for age group 15–24 years. From reference 6350. Copyright by Commonwealth of Australia. Reproduced with permission.
Citation:
Stürchler D.
2006.
Human Community,
p 335-392.
In
Exposure.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817510.ch14
/content/10.1128/9781555817510.chap14.fig14-15
Figure 14.15
Listeriosis reports, Australia, 2002 (n = 59). Rate per 105 (y axis, overall 0.3), by age groups (x axis, in years) and sex (females, light; males, dark). From reference 8342. Copyright by Commonwealth of Australia. Reproduced with permission.
10.1128/9781555817510/fig14-15_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555817510/fig14-15.gif
Figure 14.15
Listeriosis reports, Australia, 2002 (n = 59). Rate per 105 (y axis, overall 0.3), by age groups (x axis, in years) and sex (females, light; males, dark). From reference 8342. Copyright by Commonwealth of Australia. Reproduced with permission.
Citation:
Stürchler D.
2006.
Human Community,
p 335-392.
In
Exposure.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817510.ch14
/content/10.1128/9781555817510.chap14.fig14-16
Figure 14.16
Reported tetanus cases, United States, 1998–2000. Number (left y axis, n = 130), rates/million/year (line, right y axis, overall 0.16) is given by age groups (x axis, in years) and lethality (dark, fatal). From reference 5747.
10.1128/9781555817510/fig14-16_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555817510/fig14-16.gif
Figure 14.16
Reported tetanus cases, United States, 1998–2000. Number (left y axis, n = 130), rates/million/year (line, right y axis, overall 0.16) is given by age groups (x axis, in years) and lethality (dark, fatal). From reference 5747.
Citation:
Stürchler D.
2006.
Human Community,
p 335-392.
In
Exposure.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817510.ch14
References
/content/book/10.1128/9781555817510.chap14
Tables
Human Community
Citation:
Stürchler D.
2006.
Human Community,
p 335-392.
In
Exposure.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817510.ch14
/content/10.1128/9781555817510.chap14.tab14-1
Table 14.1
Infectivity for selected agents and precautions in ambulatory and hospitalized patients (HP), by site
10.1128/9781555817510/tab14-1_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555817510/tab14-1.gif
Table 14.1
Infectivity for selected agents and precautions in ambulatory and hospitalized patients (HP), by site
Citation:
Stürchler D.
2006.
Human Community,
p 335-392.
In
Exposure.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817510.ch14
/content/10.1128/9781555817510.chap14.tab14-2
Table 14.2
Risks from patients with CJD or their organs
10.1128/9781555817510/tab14-2_thmb.gif
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Table 14.2
Risks from patients with CJD or their organs
Citation:
Stürchler D.
2006.
Human Community,
p 335-392.
In
Exposure.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817510.ch14
/content/10.1128/9781555817510.chap14.tab14-3
Table 14.3
Screening of inapparent women and men for STI a
10.1128/9781555817510/tab14-3_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555817510/tab14-3.gif
Table 14.3
Screening of inapparent women and men for STI a
Citation:
Stürchler D.
2006.
Human Community,
p 335-392.
In
Exposure.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817510.ch14
/content/10.1128/9781555817510.chap14.tab14-4
Table 14.4
Pregnancy outcome of new T. gondii infection in pregnancy, by trimester a
10.1128/9781555817510/tab14-4_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555817510/tab14-4.gif
Table 14.4
Pregnancy outcome of new T. gondii infection in pregnancy, by trimester a
Citation:
Stürchler D.
2006.
Human Community,
p 335-392.
In
Exposure.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817510.ch14