1887

Chapter 13 : The Genus Yersinia

Authors: J. Michael Janda1, Sharon L. Abbott2
VIEW AFFILIATIONS HIDE AFFILIATIONS
Affiliations: 1: Microbial Diseases Laboratory California Department of Health Services, Richmond, California; 2: Enteric Bacteriology Microbial Diseases Laboratory California Department of Health Services, Richmond, California
Content Type: Monograph
Publication Year: 2006

Category: Bacterial Pathogenesis

MyBook is a cheap paperback edition of the original book and will be sold at uniform, low price.

Preview this chapter:
Preview Magnify
Zoom in
Zoomout

The Genus Yersinia, Page 1 of 2

| /docserver/preview/fulltext/10.1128/9781555817541/9781555813420_Chap13-1.gif /docserver/preview/fulltext/10.1128/9781555817541/9781555813420_Chap13-2.gif

Abstract:

In 1944, Van Loghem proposed a new genus, , to honor A. J. E. Yersin, the discoverer of the plague bacillus. species are distributed worldwide but occur mainly in moderate or subtropical climes of the Americas, Europe, and Australia. Today, is responsible for epizootic plague in a number of rodent species including ground squirrels, chipmunks, and prairie dogs. In England in 1999, a survey reporting infectious intestinal diseases both in the community and in patients reporting to general practitioners found the incidence of spp. was 6.8 and 0.58/1,000 person-years, respectively. septicemia without lympadenopathy occurs in ~25% of plague cases, based on epidemiologic data from the early 1980s. Separation of yersiniae from other genera and speciation among members of the genus are generally quite straightforward with conventional media. Paradoxically, and are genetically more closely related to each other than to , but the latter two species have more similarities in regard to pathogenesis, including route of infection (oral) and primary clinical presentations (enterocolitis). Multiple functions have been ascribed to individual virulence factors in vitro, making it difficult to determine which attribute is critical in the infective process. Iron-regulated gene expression in yersiniae is under the control of a Fur (for ferric uptake regulation)- like protein analogous to that found in . Using an invasive mouse model, the best results for treating infections have been obtained by using quinolones, doxycycline, and gentamicin.

Citation: Janda J, Abbott S. 2006. The Genus Yersinia, p 205-232. In The Enterobacteria, Second Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555817541.ch13

Key Concept Ranking

Clinical and Public Health
0.8382393
Type III Secretion System
0.40981174
0.8382393
Highlighted Text: Show | Hide
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

/content/book/10.1128/9781555817541.chap13
1. Achtman, M. 2004. Population structure of pathogenic bacteria revisited. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 294: 67– 73.
2. Achtman, M.,, G. Morelli,, P. Zhu,, T. Wirth,, I. Diehl,, B. Kusecek,, A. J. Vogler,, D. M. Wagner,, C. J. Allender,, W. R. Easterday,, V. Chenal-Francisque,, P. Worsham,, N. R. Thomson,, J. Parkhill,, L. E. Lindler,, E. Carniel,, and P. Kiem. 2004. Microevolution and history of the plague bacillus, Yersinia pestis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101: 17837– 17842.
3. Ackers, M. L.,, S. Schoenfeld,, J. Markman,, M. G. Smith,, M. A. Nicholson,, W. De Witt,, D. N. Cameron,, and P. M. Griffin. 2000. An outbreak of Yersinia enterocolitica O:8 infections associated with pasteurized milk. J. Infect. Dis. 181: 1834– 1837.
4. Agbonlabor, D. E.,, T. Odugbemi,, and O. Dosunmu-Ogunbi. 1982. Differential and selective medium for isolation of Yersinia enterocolitica from stools. J. Clin. Microbiol. 15: 599– 602.
5. Aho, K.,, P. Ahvonen,, O. Laitinen,, and M. Leirisalo,. 1981. Arthritis associated with Yersinia enterocolitica infection, p. 113– 124. In E. J. Bottone (ed.), Yersinia enterocolitica. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, Fla.
6. Aleksic, S.,, and J. Bockemuhl. 1984. Proposed revision of the Wauters et al. antigenic scheme for serotyping Yersinia enterocolitica. J. Clin. Microbiol. 20: 99– 102.
7.Aleksic, S, J. Bockemuhl, and F. Lange. 1986. Studies on the serology of flagellar antigens of Yersinia enterocolitica and related Yersinia species. Zentbl. Bakteriol. 261: 299– 310.
8.Aleksic, S, J. Bockemuhl, and H.-H. Wuthe. 1995. Epidemiology of Y. pseudotuberculosis in Germany. Contrib. Microbiol. Immunol. 13: 55– 58.
9. Aleksic, S.,, A. G. Steigerwalt,, J. Bockemuhl,, G. P. Huntley- Carter,, and D. J. Brenner. 1987. Yersinia rohdei sp. nov. isolated from human and dog feces and surface water. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 37: 327– 332.
10. Almohsen, I.,, G. Leudtke,, and B. K. English. 1997. Invasive infections caused by Yersinia enterocolitica in infants. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 16: 253– 255.
11. Antonio-Santiago, M. T.,, A. Kaul,, Y. Lue,, L. Nichols,, and D. S. Gromisch. 1986. Yersinia enterocolitica septicemia in an infant presenting as fever of unknown origin. Clin. Pediatr. 25: 213.
12. Baert, F.,, D. Knockaert,, and H. Bobbaers. 1994. Bilateral hilar lympadenopathy associated with Yersinia enterocolitica. Clin. Infect. Dis. 19: 197– 198.
13. Baker, P. M.,, and J. J. Farmer III. 1982. New bacteriophage typing system for Yersinia enterocolitica, Yersinia kristensenii, Yersinia frederiksenii, and Yersinia intermedia: correlation with serotyping, biotyping, and antibiotic susceptibility. J. Clin. Microbiol. 15: 491– 502.
14. Bascomb, S.,, S. L. Abbott,, J. D. Bobolis,, D. A. Bruckner,, S. J. Connell,, S. K. Cullen,, M. Daugherty,, D. Glenn,, J. M. Janda,, S. J. Lentsch,, D. Lindquist,, P. B. Mayhew,, D. M. Nothaft,, J. R. Skinner,, G. B. Williams,, J. Wong,, and B. L. Zimmer. 1997. Multicenter evaluation of the MicroScan Rapid Gram-Negative Identification Type 3 Panel. J. Clin. Microbiol. 35: 2531– 2536.
15. Bercovier, H.,, J. M. Alonzo,, Z. N. Bentaiba,, J. Brault,, and H. H. Mollaret. 1979. Contribution to the definition and the taxonomy of Yersinia enterocolitica. Contrib. Microbiol. Immunol. 5: 12– 22.
16. Bercovier, H.,, J. Brault,, N. Barré,, M. Treignier,, J. M. Alonso,, and H. H. Mollaret. 1978. Biochemical, serological, and phage typing characteristics of 459 Yersinia strains isolated from a terrestial ecosystem. Curr. Microbiol. 1: 353– 357.
17. Bercovier, H.,, D. J. Brenner,, J. Ursing,, A. G. Steigerwalt,, G. R. Fanning,, J. M. Alonso,, G. P. Carter,, and H. H. Mollaret. 1980. Characterization of Yersinia enterocolitica sensu stricto. Curr. Microbiol. 4: 201– 206.
18. Bercovier, H.,, and H. H. Mollaret,. 1984. Genus XIV. Yersinia Van Loghem 1944, 15AL, p. 498– 506. In N. R. Krieg, and J. G. Holt (ed.), Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, vol. 1. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, Md.
19. Bercovier, H.,, H. H. Mollaret,, J. M. Alonso,, J. Brault,, G. R. Fanning,, A. G. Steigerwalt,, and D. J. Brenner. 1980. Intraand interspecies relatedness of Yersinia pestis by DNA hybridization and its relationship to Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Curr. Microbiol. 4: 225– 229.
20. Bercovier, H.,, A. G. Steigerwalt,, A. Guiyoule,, G. Huntley- Carter,, and D. J. Brenner. 1984. Yersinia aldovae (formerly Yersinia enterocolitica-like group X2): a new species of Enterobacteriaceae isolated from aquatic ecosystems. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 34: 166– 172.
21. Bercovier, H.,, J. Ursing,, D. J. Brenner,, A. G. Steigerwalt,, G. R. Fanning,, G. P. Carter,, and H. H. Mollaret. 1980. Yersinia kristensenii: a new species of Enterobacteriaceae composed of sucrose-negative strains (formerly called atypical Yersinia enterocolitica or Yersinia enterocolitica-like). Curr. Microbiol. 4: 219– 224.
22. Bissett, M. L.,, C. Powers,, S. L. Abbott,, and J. M. Janda. 1990. Epidemiologic investigations of Yersinia enterocolitica and related species: sources, frequency, and serogroup distribution. J. Clin. Microbiol. 28: 910– 912.
23. Black, R. E.,, R. J. Jackson,, T. Tsai,, M. Medvesky,, M. Shayegani,, J. C. Feeley,, K. I. MacLeod,, and A. M. Wakelee. 1978. Epidemic Yersinia enterocolitica infection due to contaminated chocolate milk. N. Engl. J. Med. 298: 76– 79.
24. Blinkhorn, R. J.,, and J. A. Marino. 1988. Lateral pharyngeal abscess due to Yersinia enterocolitica. Am. J. Med. 85: 851– 852.
25. Bliska, J. B.,, and S. Falkow. 1992. Bacterial resistance to complement killing mediated by the Ail protein of Yersinia enterocolitica. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89: 3561– 3565.
26. Blumber, H. M.,, J. A. Kielbauch,, and I. K. Wachsmuth. 1991. Molecular epidemiology of Yersinia enterocolitica O:3 infections: use of chromosomal DNA restriction fragment polymorphism of rRNA genes. J. Clin. Microbiol. 29: 2368– 2374.
27. Bockemühl, J.,, and J. D. Wong,. 2003. Yersinia, p. 672– 683. In P. R. Murray,, E. J. Baron,, J. H. Jorgensen,, M. A. Pfaller,, and R. H. Yolken (ed.), Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 8th ed. ASM Press, Washington, D.C.
28. Boelaert, J. R.,, H. W. van Landuyt,, W. F. Valcke,, B. Cantinieaux,, W. F. Lomoy,, J. L. Vanherweghem,, P. Moreillon,, and J. M. Vandepitte. 1987. The role of iron overload in Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis bacteremia in hemodialysis patients. J. Infect. Dis. 156: 384– 387.
29. Borg, A. A.,, J. Gray,, and P. T. Dawes. 1992. Yersinia-related arthritis in the United Kingdom. A report of 12 cases and review of the literature. Q. J. Med. 304: 575– 582.
30. Bottone, E. J., 1984. Yersinia enterocolitica, p. 13– 48. In P. D. Ellner (ed.), Infectious Diarrheal Diseases: Current Concepts and Laboratory Procedures. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y.
31. Bottone, E. J., 1991. The genus Yersinia (excluding Y. pestis), p. 2863– 2887. In A. Balows,, H. G. Trüper,, M. Dworkin,, W. Harder,, and K.-H. Schleifer (ed.), The Prokaryotes: a Handbook on the Biology of Bacteria. Ecophysiology, Isolation, Identification, Applications, 2nd ed. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
32. Bottone, E. J. 1997. Yersinia enterocolitica: the charisma continues. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 10: 257– 276.
33. Bottone, E. J. 1997. Yersinia enterocolitica: overview and epidemiologic correlates. Microbes Infect. 1: 323– 333.
34. Bottone, E. J.,, C. R. Gullans,, and M. F. Sierra. 1987. Disease spectrum of Yersinia enterocolitica serogroup O:3, the predominant cause of human infection in New York City. Contrib. Microbiol. Immunol. 8: 56– 60.
35. Botzler, R. G.,, T. F. Wetzler,, and A. B. Cowan. 1968. Yersinia enterocolitica and yersinia-like organisms isolated from frogs and snails. Bull. Wildl. Dis. Assoc. 4: 110– 115.
36. Brenner, D. J.,, H. Bercovier,, J. Ursing,, J. M. Alonso,, A. G. Steigerwalt,, G. R. Fanning,, G. P. Carter,, and H. H. Mollaret. 1980. Yersinia intermedia: a new species of Enterobacteriaceae composed of rhamnose-positive, melibiose-positive, raffinosepositive strains (formerly called Yersinia enterocolitica or Yersinia enterocolitica-like). Curr. Microbiol. 4: 207– 212.
37. Brenner, D. J.,, A. G. Steigerwalt,, D. P. Falcao,, R. E. Weaver,, and G. R. Fanning. 1976. Characterization of Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis by deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization and by biochemical reactions. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 26: 180– 194.
38. Brenner, D. J.,, J. Ursing,, H. Bercovier,, A. G. Steigerwalt,, G. R. Fanning,, J. M. Alonso,, and H. H. Mollaret. 1980. Deoxyribonucleic acid relatedness in Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia enterocolitica-like organisms. Curr. Microbiol. 4: 195– 200.
39. Brennessel, D. J.,, N. Robbins,, and S. Hindman. 1984. Pyomyositis caused by Yersinia enterocolitica. J. Clin. Microbiol. 20: 293– 294.
40. Brubaker, R. R. 1991. Factors promoting acute and chronic diseases caused by yersiniae. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 4: 309– 324.
41. Cannon, C. G. 1992. Yersinia enterocolitica infections in hospitalized patients: the problem of hospital-acquired infections. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 13: 139– 143.
42. Carniel, E. 2001. The Yersinia high-pathogenicity island: an iron-uptake island. Microbes Infect. 3: 561– 569.
43. Carniel, E.,, O. Mercereau-Puijalon,, and S. Bonnefoy. 1989. The gene coding for the 190,000-dalton iron-regulated protein of Yersinia species is present only in highly pathogenic strains. Infect. Immun. 57: 1211– 1217.
44. Casey, M. F.,, P. H. Gilligan,, and M. L. Smiley. 1987. Yersinia enterocolitica meningitis and osteomyelitis: a case report. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 8: 47– 50.
45. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1994. Fatal human plague—United States, 1993-1994. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 46: 617– 620.
46. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1994. Human plague—India, 1994. JAMA 272: 1162.
47. Chain, P. S. G.,, E. Carniel,, F. W. Larimer,, J. Lamerdin,, P. O. Stoutland,, W. M. Regala,, A. M. Georgescu,, L. M. Vergez,, M. L. Land,, V. L. Motin,, R. R. Brubaker,, J. Fowler,, J. Hinnebusch,, M. Marceau,, C. Medigue,, M. Simonet,, V. Chenal- Francisque,, B. Souza,, D. Dacheus,, J. M. Elliott,, A. Derbise,, L. J. Hauser,, and E. Garcia. 2004. Insights into the evolution of Yersina pestis through whole-genome comparison with Yersina pseudotuberculosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101: 13826– 13831.
48. Challapalli, M.,, and D. G. Cunningham. 1993. Yersinia enterocolitica septicemia in infants younger than three months of age. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 12: 168– 169.
49. Chambers, C. E.,, and P. A. Sokol. 1994. Comparison of siderophore production and utilization in pathogenic and environmental isolates of Yersinia enterocolitica. J. Clin. Microbiol. 32: 32– 39.
50. Cherchi, G. B.,, L. Pacifico,, S. Cossellu,, D. Gallisai,, S. Zanetti,, G. Fadda,, and C. Chiesa. 1995. Prospective study of Yersinia enterocolitica infection in thalassemic patients. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 14: 579– 584.
51. Chiu, H. Y.,, D. M. Flynn,, A. V. Hoffbrand,, and D. Politis. 1986. Infection with Yersinia enterocolitica in patients with iron overload. Br. Med. J. 292: 97.
52. Clarridge, J.,, C. Roberts,, J. Peters,, and D. Musher. 1983. Sepsis and empyema caused by Yersinia enterocolitica. J. Clin. Microbiol. 17: 936– 938.
53. Cohen, J. I.,, and P. Rodday. 1989. Yersinia enterocolitica bacteremia in a patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am. J. Med. 86: 254– 255.
54. Coppens, L.,, B. Sztern,, D. Korman,, and F. Lustman. 1995. Yersinia enterocolitica bacteremia with intracranial extension. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 27: 409– 410.
55. Cornelis, G. R. 1994. Yersinia pathogenicity factors. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 192: 243– 263.
56. Cornelis, G. R. 2002. Yersinia type III secretion: send in the effectors. J. Cell Biol. 158: 401– 408.
57. Cornelis, G. R.,, T. Biot,, and C. Lambert de Rouvroit. 1989. The Yersinia yop regulon. Mol. Microbiol. 3: 1455– 1459.
58. Cornelis, G.,, Y. Laroche,, G. Balligand,, M.-P. Sory,, and G. Wauters. 1987. Yersinia enterocolitica, a primary model for bacterial invasiveness. Rev. Infect. Dis. 9: 64– 87.
59. Cover, T. L.,, and R. C. Aber. 1989. Yersinia enterocolitica. N. Engl. J. Med. 32: 16– 24.
60. Cropp, A. J.,, S. F. Gaylord,, and C. Watanakunakorn. 1984. Case report: cavitary pneumonia due to Yersinia enterocolitica in a healthy man. Am. J. Med. Sci. 288: 13.
61. Crowe, M.,, K. Ashford,, and P. Ispahani. 1996. Clinical features and antibiotic treatment of septic arthritis and osteomyelitis due to Yersinia enterocolitica. J. Med. Microbiol. 45: 302– 309.
62. Delor, I.,, A. Kaeckenbeeck,, G. Wauters,, and G. R. Cornelis. 1990. Nucleotide sequence of yst, the Yersinia enterocolitica gene encoding the heat-stable enterotoxin, and prevalence of the gene among pathogenic and nonpathogenic yersiniae. Infect. Immun. 58: 2983– 2988.
63. Demarta, A.,, S. De Respins,, M. Dolina,, and R. Peduzzi. 2004. Molecular typing of Yersina frederiksenii strains by means of 16S rDNA and gyrB genes sequence analysis. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 238: 423– 428.
64. Dolina, M.,, and R. Peduzzi. 1993. Population genetics of human, animal, and environmental Yersinia strains. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59: 442– 450.
65. Doll, J. M.,, P. S. Zeitz,, P. Ettestad,, A. L. Bucholtz,, T. Davis,, and K. Gage. 1994. Cat-transmitted fatal pneumopnic plague in a person who traveled from Colorado to Arizona. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 51: 109– 114.
66. Ellison, D. W.,, M. B. Lawrenz,, and V. L. Miller. 2004. Invasin and beyond: regulation of Yersinia virulence by RovA. Trends Microbiol. 12: 296– 300.
67. El-Maraghi, N. R. H.,, and N. S. Mair. 1979. The histopathology of enteric infection with Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 71: 631– 639.
68. Escudero, M. E.,, L. Velazquez,, and A. M. S. de Guzman. 1996. Yersinia enterocolitica and related species isolated from animals slaughtered for human consumption. Food Microbiol. 13: 201– 204.
69. Ettensohn, D. B.,, and N. J. Roberts, Jr. 1981. Yersinia enterocolitica pneumonia. N. Y. State J. Med. 81: 791– 794.
70. Ewing, W. H.,, A. J. Ross,, D. J. Brenner,, and G. R. Fanning. 1978. Yersinia ruckeri sp. nov., the Redmouth (RM) bacterium . Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 28: 37– 44.
71. Farrer, W.,, P. Kloser,, and S. Ketyer. 1988. Case report: Yersinia pseudotuberculosis sepsis presenting as multiple liver abscesses. Am. J. Med. Sci. 295: 129– 132.
72. Flament-Saillour, M.,, P. de Truchis, M, Risbourg, and P. Nordmann. 1994. Yersinia enterocolitica peritonitis in a patient infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Clin. Infect. Dis. 18: 655– 656.
73. Frederiksen, W. 1964. A study of some Yersinia pseudotuberculosis- like bacteria (“ Bacterium enterocoliticum” and “ Pasteurella X”). Scand. Congr. Pathol. Microbiol. 14: 103– 104.
74. Frederiksson-Ahomaa, M.,, S. Hallanvuo,, T. Korte,, A. Siitonen,, and H. Korkeala. 2001. Correspondence of genotypes of sporadic Yersinia enterocolitica bioserotype 4/O:3 strains from human and porcine sources. Epidemiol. Infect. 127: 37– 47.
75. Frederiksson-Ahomaa, M.,, and H. Korkeala. 2003. Low occurrence of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica in clinical, food, and environmental samples: a microbiological problem . Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 16: 220– 229.
76. Fukushima, H.,, and M. Gomyoda. 1986. Growth of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Yersinia enterocolitica biotype 3B serotype O3 inhibited on cefsulodin-Irgasan-novobiocin agar. J. Clin. Microbiol. 24: 116– 120.
77. Fukushima, H.,, M. Gomyoda,, S. Aleksic,, and M. Tsubokura. 1993. Differentiation of Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:5,27 strains by phenotypic and molecular techniques. J. Clin. Microbiol. 31: 1672– 1674.
78. Fukushima, H.,, K. Maruyama,, I. Ito,, and S. Kaneko. 1988. Isolation of sucrose-negative Yersinia enterocolitica biotype 3 serotype O3 strains and their pathogenicity. Curr. Microbiol. 17: 199– 202.
79. Fukushima, H.,, M. Tsubokura,, K. Otsuki,, and Y. Kawaoka. 1984. Biochemical heterogeneity of serotype O3 strains of 700 Yersinia strains isolated from humans, other mammals, flies, animal feed, and river water. Curr. Microbiol. 11: 149– 154.
80. Funke, G.,, D. Monnet,, C. DeBernardis,, A. Von Graevenitz,, and J. Freney. 1998. Evaluation of the VITEK 2 System for rapid identification of medically relevant gram-negative rods. J. Clin. Microbiol. 36: 1948– 1952.
81. Galyov, E. E.,, S. Hakansson,, A. Forsberg,, and H. A. Wolf- Watz. 1993. A secreted protein kinase of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis showing homology with eukaryotic Ser/Thr protein kinases is an indispensable virulence determinant. Nature 361: 730– 732.
82. Gautier, E.,, E. Carniel,, J. Genin,, and C. Tancrede. 1996. Tumor-like pyomyositis of the thigh caused by Yersinia enterocolitica. Clin. Infect. Dis. 23: 658– 659.
83. Gayraud, M.,, M. R. Scavizzi,, H. H. Mollaret,, L. Guillevin,, and M. J. Hornstein. 1993. Antibiotic treatment of Yersinia enterocolitica septicemia: a retrospective review of 43 cases. Clin. Infect. Dis. 17: 405– 410.
84. Giamarellou, H.,, A. Antoniadou,, K. Kanavos,, C. Papaioannou,, S. Kanatakis,, and K. Papadaki. 1995. Yersinia enterocolitica endocarditis: case report and literature review. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 14: 126– 130.
85. Grassl, G. A.,, E. Bohn,, Y. Muller,, O. T. Buhler,, and I. B. Autenrieth. 2003. Interaction of Yersinia enterocolitica with epithelial cells: invasin beyond invasion. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 293: 1– 14.
86. Greenwood, M. H. 1995. Human carriage of Yersinia species and incidence in foods. Contrib. Microbiol. Immunol. 13: 74– 76.
87. Guan, K.,, and J. E. Dixon. 1990. Protein tyrosine phosphatase activity of an essential virulence determinant in Yersinia. Science 249: 553– 556.
88. Haag, H.,, K. Hantke,, H. Drechsel,, I. Stojilkovic,, G. Jung,, and H. Zahner. 1993. Purification of yersiniabactin: a siderophore and possible virulence factor of Yersinia enterocolitica. J. Gen. Microbiol. 139: 2159– 2165.
89. Hagensee, M. E. 1994. Mycotic aneurysm due to Yersinia enterocolitica. Clin. Infect. Dis. 19: 801– 802.
90. Hansen, M. G.,, G. Pearl,, and M. Levy. 2001. Intussusception due to Yersinia enterocolitica enterocolitis in a patient with β-thalassemia. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 125: 1486– 1488.
91. Haverly, R. M.,, C. R. Harrison,, and T. H. Dougherty. 1996. Yersinia enterocolitica bacteremia associated with red blood cell transfusion. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 120: 499– 500.
92. Hayashidani, H.,, Y. Ohtomo,, and Y. Toyokawa. 1995. Potential sources of sporadic human infection with Yersinia enterocolitica serovar O:8 in Aomori prefecture, Japan. J. Clin. Microbiol. 33: 1253– 1257.
93. Head, C. B.,, D. A. Whitty,, and S. Ratnam. 1982. Comparative study of selective media for recovery of Yersinia enterocolitica. J. Clin. Microbiol. 16: 615– 621.
94. Heesemann, J. 1987. Chromosomal-encoded siderophores are required for mouse virulence of enteropathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 48: 229– 233.
95. Hinnebusch, B. J.,, R. D. Perry,, and T. G. Schwan. 1996. Role of the Yersinia pestis hemin storage ( hms) locus in the transmission of plague by fleas. Science 273: 367– 370.
96. Hollis, D. G.,, R. E. Weaver,, A. G. Steigerwalt,, J. D. Wenger,, C. W. Moss,, and D. J. Brenner. 1989. Francisella philomiragia comb. nov. (formerly Yersinia philomiragia) and Francisella tularensis biogroup novicida (formerly Francisella novicida) associated with human disease. J. Clin. Microbiol. 27: 1601– 1608.
97. Hoogkamp-Korstanje, J. A. A. 1987. The possible role of quinolones in yersiniosis. Drugs 34(Suppl.): 134– 138.
98. Hoogkamp-Korstanje, J. A. A.,, J. de Koning,, and J. Heesemann. 1988. Persistence of Yersinia enterocolitica in man. Infection 16: 81– 85.
99. Hoogkamp-Korstanje, J. A. A.,, and V. M. M. Stolk-Engelaar. 1995. Yersinia enterocolitica infection in children. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 14: 771– 775.
100. Hornstein, M. J.,, A. M. Jupeau,, M. R. Scavizzi,, A. M. Philippon,, and P. A. D. Grimont. 1985. In vitro susceptibility of 126 clinical isolates of Yersinia enterocolitica to 21 β-lactam antibiotics. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 27: 806– 811.
101. Hurvell, B., 1981. Zoonotic Yersinia enterocolitica infection: host range, clinical manifestations, and transmission between animals and man, p. 145– 159. In E. J. Bottone (ed.), Yersinia enterocolitica. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, Fla.
102. Ibrahim, A.,, B. M. Goebel,, W. Liesack,, M. Griffiths,, and E. Stackebrandt. 1993. The phylogeny of the genus Yersinia based on 16S rDNA sequences. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 114: 173– 178.
103. Isberg, R. R. 1996. Uptake of enteropathogenic Yersinia by mammalian cells. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 209: 1– 24.
104. Iwata, T.,, Y. Une,, A. T. Okatani,, S.-I. Kaneko,, S. Namai,, S.-I. Yoshida,, T. Horisaka,, T. Horikita,, A. Nakadai,, and H. Hayashidani. 2005. Yersinia enterocolitica serovar O:8 infection in breeding monkeys in Japan. Microbiol. Immunol. 49: 1– 7.
105. Jacobs, J.,, D. Jamaer,, J. Vandeven,, M. Wouters,, C. Vermylen,, and J. Vandepitte. 1989. Yersinia enterocolitica in donor blood: a case report and review. J. Clin. Microbiol. 27: 1119– 1121.
106. Jalava, K.,, S. Hallanvuo,, U.-M. Nakari,, P. Ruutu,, E. Kela,, T. Heinäsmäki,, A. Siitonen,, and J. P. Nuorti. 2004. Multiple outbreaks of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infections in Finland. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42: 2789– 2791.
107. Jensen, K. J.,, M. Arpi,, and W. Frederiksen. 1995. Yersinia enterocolitica septicemia in Denmark 1972-1991: a report of 100 cases. Contrib. Microbiol. Immunol. 13: 11– 15.
108. Jensen, W. I.,, C. R. Owen,, and W. L. Jellison. 1969. Yersinia philomiragia sp. n., a new member of the Pasteurella group of bacteria, naturally pathogenic for the muskrat ( Ondatra zibethica). J. Bacteriol. 100: 1237– 1241.
109. Jones, B. L.,, M. H. Saw,, M. F. Hanson,, M. J. Mackie,, and W. G. Murphy. 1993. Yersinia enterocolitica septicaemia from transfusion of red blood cell concentrate stored for 16 days. J. Clin. Pathol. 46: 477– 478.
110. Jones, T. F.,, S. C. Buckingham,, C. A. Bopp,, E. Ribot,, and W. Schaffner. 2003. From pig to pacifier: chitterling-associated yersiniosis outbreak among black infants. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 9: 1007– 1009.
111. Jossart, M.-F.,, and R. J. Courcol. 1999. Evaluation of an automated system for identification of Enterobacteriaceae and nonfermenting bacilli. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 18: 902– 907.
112. Kahn, F. W.,, J. E. Glasser,, and W. A. Agger. 1984. Psoas muscle abscess due to Yersinia enterocolitica. Am. J. Med. 76: 947– 949.
113. Kane, D. R.,, and P. D. Reuman. 1992. Yersinia enterocolitica causing pneumonia and empyema in a child and a review of the literature. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 11: 591– 593.
114. Kaneko, S.,, and T. Maruyama. 1989. Evaluation of enzyme immunoassay for the detection of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis strains. J. Clin. Microbiol. 27: 748– 751.
115. Kapperud, G. 1991. Yersinia enterocolitica in food hygiene. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 1: 12: 53– 66.
116. Kellogg, C. M.,, E. A. Tarakji,, M. Smith,, and P. D. Brown. 1995. Bacteremia and suppurative lympadenitis due to Yersinia enterocolitica in a neutropenic patient who prepared chitterlings. Clin. Infect. Dis. 21: 236– 237.
117. Kitch, T. T.,, M. R. Jacobs,, and P. C. Appelbaum. 1994. Evaluation of RapID onE System for identification of 379 strains in the family Enterobacteriaceae and oxidase-negative gramnegative nonfermenters. J. Clin. Microbiol. 32: 931– 934.
118. Knapp, W.,, and E. Thal. 1973. Differentiation of Yersinia enterocolitica by biochemical reactions. Contrib. Microbiol. Immunol. 2: 10– 16.
119. Koning-Ward, T. F.,, and R. M. Robins-Browne. 1995. Contribution of urease to acid tolerance in Yersinia enterocolitica. Infect. Immun. 63: 3790– 3795.
120. Krober, M. S.,, J. W. Bass,, and P. J. Barcia. 1983. Scarlantiniform rash and pleural effusion in a patient with Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection. J. Pediatr. 102: 879– 881.
121. Krogstad, P.,, P. M. Mendelman,, V. M. Miller,, C. Clausen,, S. Abbott,, S. Weagant,, C. L. Wilson,, and D. B. Lewis. 1992. Clinical and microbiologic characteristics of cutaneous infection with Yersinia enterocolitica. J. Infect. Dis. 165: 740– 743.
122. Kumar, S. 1994. Plague in India. Lancet 344: 941– 942.
123. Lecomte, F.,, M. Eustache,, J.-F. Lemeland,, G. Oksenhendler,, and G. Humbert. 1989. Purulent pericarditis due to Yersinia enterocolitica. J. Infect. Dis. 159: 363.
124. Lee, L. A.,, J. Taylor,, G. P. Carte,, B. Quinn,, J. J. Farmer III,, R. V. Tauxe, and the Yersinia enterocolitica Collaborative Study Group. 1991. Yersinia enterocolitica O:3: an emerging cause of pediatric gastroenteritis in the United States. J. Infect. Dis. 163: 660– 663.
125. Lee, W. H.,, C. Vanderzant,, and N. Stern,. 1981. The occurrence of Yersinia enterocolitica in foods, p. 161– 171. In E. J. Bottone (ed.), Yersinia enterocolitica. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, Fla.
126. Lemaitre, B. C.,, D. A. Mazigh,, and M. R. Scavizzi. 1991. Failure of β-lactam antibiotics and marked efficacy of fluoroquinolones in treatment of murine Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 35: 1785– 1790.
127. Litwin, C. M.,, and S. B. Calderwood. 1993. Role of iron in regulation of virulence genes. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 6: 137– 149.
128.. Ljungberg, P.,, M. Valtonen,, V. P. Harjola,, S. S. Kaukoranta-Tolvanen,, and M. Vaara. 1995. Report of four cases of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis septicemia and a literature review. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 14: 804– 810.
129. Logue, C. M.,, J. J. Sheridan,, G. Wauters,, D. A. McDowell,, and L. S. Blair. 1996. Yersinia spp. and numbers, with particular reference to Y. enterocolitica bio/serotypes, occurring on Irish meat and meat products, and the influence of alkali treatment on their isolation. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 33: 257– 274.
130. Marks, M. I.,, C. H. Pai,, L. Lafleur,, L. Lackman,, and O. Hammerberg. 1980. Yersinia enterocolitica gastroenteritis: a prospective study of clinical, bacteriologic, and epidemiologic features. J. Pediatr. 96: 26– 31.
131. Mecsas, J.,, and E. J. Strauss. 1996. Molecular mechanisms of bacterial virulence: type III secretion and pathogenicity islands. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2: 271– 288.
132. Melby, K.,, S. Slordahl,, T. J. Gutteberg,, and S. A. Nordbo. 1982. Septicaemia due to Yersinia enterocolitica after oral overdoses of iron. Br. Med. J. 285: 467– 468.
133. Miller, V. L. 1992. Yersinia invasion genes and their products. ASM News 58: 26– 33.
134. Miller, V. L.,, and S. Falkow. 1988. Evidence for two genetic loci in Yersinia enterocolitica that can promote invasion of epithelial cells. Infect. Immun. 56: 1242– 1248.
135. Miller, V. L.,, J. J. Farmer III,, W. E. Hill,, and S. Falkow. 1989. The ail locus is found uniquely in Yersinia enterocolitica serotypes commonly associated with disease. Infect. Immun. 57: 121– 131.
136. Milteer, R. M.,, S. Sarpong,, and U. Poydras. 1989. Yersinia enterocolitica septicemia after accidental oral iron overdose. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 8: 537– 538.
137. Morris, J. G., Jr.,, V. Prado,, C. Ferreccio,, R. M. Robins-Browne,, A. M. Bordun,, M. Cayazzo,, B. A. Kay,, and M. M. Levine. 1991. Yersinia enterocolitica isolated from two cohorts of young children in Santiago, Chile: incidence of and lack of correlation between illness and proposed virulence factors. J. Clin. Microbiol. 29: 2784– 2788.
138. Morse, D. L.,, M. Shayegani,, and R. J. Gallo. 1984. Epidemiologic investigation of a Yersinia camp outbreak linked to a food handler. Am. J. Public Health 74: 589– 592.
139. Naiel, B.,, and R. Raul. 1998. Chronic prostatitis due to Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 36: 856.
140. Najdenski, H. I. Iteman, and E. Carniel. 1994. Efficient subtyping of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica strains by pulsedfield gel electrophoresis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 32: 2913– 2920.
141. Najdenski, H.,, I. Iteman,, and E. Carniel. 1995. The genome of Yersinia enterocolitica is the most stable of the three pathogenic species. Contrib. Microbiol. Immunol. 13: 281– 284.
142. Nandan, G. 1994. Troops battle to contain India’s outbreak of plague. Br. Med. J. 309: 827.
143. Naqvi, S. H.,, E. M. Swierkosz,, J. Gerard,, and J. R. Mills. 1993. Presentation of Yersinia enterocolitica enteritis in children. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 2: 386– 389.
144. Navarro, L.,, N. M. Alto,, and J. E. Dixon. 2005. Functions of the Yersinia effector proteins in inhibiting host immune responses. Curr. Opinion Microbiol. 8: 21– 27.
145. Nemoto, H.,, K. Murabayashi,, Y. Kawamura,, K. Sasaki,, N. Wakata,, M. Kinoshita,, and M. Furube. 1992. Multiple liver abscesses secondary to Yersinia enterocolitica. Intern. Med. 31: 1125– 1127.
146. Neubauer, H.,, S. Aleksic,, A. Hensel,, E.-J. Finke,, and H. Mayer. 2000. Yersinia enterocolitca 16S rRNA gene types belong to the same genospecies but form three homology groups. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 290: 61– 64.
147. Niléhn, B. 1969. Studies on Yersinia enterocolitica with special reference to bacterial diagnosis and occurrence in human acute enteric disease. Acta. Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. 206 (Suppl.): 1– 48.
148. Nuorti, J. P.,, T. Niskanen,, S. Hallanvuo,, J. Mikkola,, E. Kela,, M. Hatakka,, M. Frederiksson-Ahomaa,, O. Lyytikainen,, A. Siitonen,, H. Korkeala,, and P. Ruutu. 2004. A widespread outbreak of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis O:3 infection from iceberg lettuce. J. Infect. Dis. 189: 766– 774.
149. O’Hara, C. M.,, and J. M. Miller. 2000. Evaluation of the MicroScan Rapid Neg ID3 Panel for identification of Enterobacteriaceae and some common gram-negative nonfermenters. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38: 3577– 3580.
150. O’Hara, C. M.,, and J. M. Miller. 2003. Evaluation of the Vitek 2 ID-GNB assay for identification of members of the family Enterobacteriaceae and other nonenteric gramnegative bacilli and comparison with the Vitek GNI+ Card. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41: 2096– 2101.V
151. O’Hara, C. M.,, G. L. Westbrook,, and J. M. Miller. 1997. Evaluation of Vitek GNI+ and Becton Dickinson Microbiology Systems Crystal E/NF Identification Systems for identification of members of the family Enterobacteriaceae and other gram-negative, glucose-fermenting and non-glucosefermenting bacilli. J. Clin. Microbiol. 35: 3269– 3273.
152. Paerregaard, A.,, F. Espersen,, and M. Skurnik. 1991. Role of Yersinia outer membrane protein YadA in adhesion to rabbit intestinal tissue and rabbit brush border membrane vesicles. Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. 99: 226– 232.
153. Pai, C. H.,, F. Gillis,, and M. I. Marks. 1982. Infection due to Yersinia enterocolitica in children with abdominal pain. J. Infect. Dis. 146: 705.
154. Peele, D.,, J. Bradfield,, W. Pryor,, and S. Vore. 1997. Comparison of identifications of human and animal source gramnegative bacteria by API 20E and Crystal E/NF systems. J. Clin. Microbiol. 35: 213– 216.
155. Perry, R. D. 1993. Acquisition and storage of inorganic iron and hemin by the yersiniae. Trends Microbiol. 1: 142– 147.
156. Perry, R. D.,, and J. D. Fetherston. 1997. Yersinia pestis—etiologic agent of plague. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 10: 35– 66.
157. Pham, J. N.,, S. M. Bell,, M. J. Hardy,, L. Martin,, A. Guiyoule,, and E. Carniel. 1995. Susceptibility to β-lactam agents of Yersinia enterocolitica biotype 4, serotype O3 isolated in various parts of the world. J. Med. Microbiol. 43: 9– 13.
158. Pham, J. N.,, S. M. Bell,, and J. Y. M. Lanzarone. 1991. Biotype and antibiotic sensitivity of 100 clinical isolates of Yersinia enterocolitica. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 28: 13– 18.
159. Pham, J. N.,, S. M. Bell,, L. Martin,, and E. Carniel. 2000. The β-lactamase and β-lactam antibiotic susceptibility of Yersinia enterocolitica. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 46: 951– 957.
160. Pierson, D. E.,, and S. Falkow. 1990. Nonpathogenic isolates of Yersinia enterocolitica do not contain functional inv-homologous sequences. Infect. Immun. 58: 1059– 1064.
161. Pierson, D. E.,, and S. Falkow. 1993. The ail gene of Yersinia enterocolitica has a role in the ability of the organism to survive serum killing. Infect. Immun. 61: 1846– 1852.
162. Plotkin, G. R.,, and J. N. O’Rourke, Jr. 1981. Case report: mycotic aneurysm due to Yersinia enterocolitica. Am. J. Med. Sci. 281: 35– 42.
163. Quan, T. J., 1991. Yersinia pestis, p. 2888– 2989. In A. Balows,, H. G. Truper,, M. Dworkin,, W. Harder,, and K.-H. Schleifer (ed.), The Prokaryotes: a Handbook on the Biology of Bacteria. Ecophysiology, Isolation, Identification, Applications, 2nd ed. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
164. Quentin, C.,, C. Arpin,, V. Dubois,, C. Andre,, I. Lagrange,, I. Fisher,, J.-P. Brochet,, F. Grobost,, J. Jullin,, B. Dutilh,, G. Larribet,, and P. Noury. 2004. Antibiotic resistance rate and phenotypes among isolates of Enterobacteriaceae in French extra-hospital practice. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 23: 185– 193.
165. Rabson, A. R.,, A. F. Hallet,, and H. J. Koornhof. 1975. Generalized Yersinia enterocolitica bacteremia. J. Infect. Dis. 131: 447– 451.
166. Ratnam, S.,, C. L. Looi,, and T. R. Patel. 1983. Lack of efficacy of alkali treatment for isolation of Yersinia enterocolitica from feces. J. Clin. Microbiol. 18: 1092– 1097.
167. Ray, S. M.,, S. D. Ahuja,, P. A. Blake,, M. M. Farley,, M. Samuel,, T. Rabatsky-Her,, E. Swanson,, M. Cassidy,, J. C. Lay,, T. Van Gilder, and the Emerging Infectious Disease Program FoodNet Working Group. 2004. Population-based surveillance for Yersinia enterocolitica infections in FoodNet sites, 1996-1999: risk of disease in infants and minority populations. Clin. Infect. Dis. 38(Suppl. 3): S181– S189.
168. Read, R. C.,, and R. E. Barry. 1990. Relapsing yersinia infection. Br. Med. J. 300: 1694.
169. Rose, F. B.,, C. J. Camp,, and E. J. Antes. 1987. Family outbreak of fatal Yersinia enterocolitica pharyngitis. Am. J. Med. 82: 636– 637.
170. Saebo, A.,, and J. Lassen. 1992. Acute and chronic gastrointestinal manifestations associated with Yersinia enterocolitica infection. A Norwegian 10-year follow-up study on 458 hospitalized patients. Ann. Surg. 215: 250– 255.
171. Sato, K. 1987. Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection in children: clinical manifestations and epidemiology. Contrib. Microbiol. Immunol. 9: 111– 116.
172. Sato, K.,, K. Ouchi,, and M. Taki. 1983. Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection in children, resembling Izumi fever and Kawasaki syndrome. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. 2: 123– 126.
173. Sazama, K. 1994. Bacteria in blood for transfusion: a review. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 118: 350– 365.
174. Schiemann, D. A. 1979. Synthesis of a selective agar medium for Yersinia enterocolitica. Can. J. Microbiol. 25: 1298– 1304.
175. Schiemann, D. A.,, and S. A. Olson. 1984. Antagonism by gram-negative bacteria to growth of Yersinia enterocolitica in mixed culture. J. Clin. Microbiol. 48: 539– 544.
176. Schleifstein, J. I.,, and M. B. Coleman. 1939. An unidentified microorganism resembling Pasteurella pseudotuberculosis, and pathogenic for man. N. Y. State J. Med. 39: 1749– 1753.
177. Schleifstein, J.,, and M. B. Coleman. 1943. Bacterium enterocoliticum. New York State Department of Health Publication no. 56.
178. Schmid, Y.,, G. A. Grassl,, O. T. Buhler,, M. Skurnik,, I. B. Autenrieth,, and E. Bohn. 2004. Yersinia enterocolitica adhesion A induces production of interleukin-8 in epithelial cells. Infect. Immun. 72: 6780– 6789.
179. Shapiro, E. D. 1981. Yersinia enterocolitica septicemia in normal infants. Am. J. Dis. Child. 135: 477– 478.
180. Shayegani, M.,, I. DeForge,, D. M. McGlynn,, and T. Root. 1981. Characteristic of Yersinia enterocolitica and related species isolated from human, animal, and environmental sources. J. Clin. Microbiol. 14: 304– 312.
181. Shayegani, M.,, D. Morse,, I. DeForge,, T. Root,, L. M. Parsons,, and P. S. Maupin. 1983. Microbiology of a major foodborne outbreak of gastroenteritis caused by Yersinia enterocolitica serogroup O:8. J. Clin. Microbiol. 17: 35– 40.
182. Simonet, M. L. 1999. Enterobacteria in reactive arthritis: Yersinia, Shigella, and Salmonella. Rev. Rhum. 66(Suppl.): 14S– 19S.
183. Sinnott, J. T., IV, H. Multhopp, J. Leo, and G. Rechtine. 1989. Yersinia enterocolitica causing spinal osteomyelitis and empyema in a nonimmunocompromised host. South. Med. J. 82: 399– 400.
184. Sire, J. M.,, C. Michelet,, R. Mesnard,, R. Tardivel,, J. Minet,, H., Bracq,, and J. L. Avril. 1993. Septic shock due to Yersinia enterocolitica after autologous transfusion. Clin. Infect. Dis. 17: 954– 955.
185. Skurnik, N.,, and L. Zhang. 1996. Molecular genetics and biochemistry of Yersinia lipopolysaccharide. Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. 104: 849– 872.
186. Smego, R. A.,, J. Frean,, and H. J. Koornhof. 1999. Yersiniosis I: microbiological and clinicoepidemiological aspects of plague and non-plague Yersinia infection. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 18: 1– 15.
187. Sodervik, H.,, N. Syrjala,, and S. Raisanen. 1986. Interstitial pneumonia and sepsis caused by Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:3. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 18: 241– 243.
188. Sparling, P. F. 1998. Editorial response: iron and infection. Clin. Infect. Dis. 27: 1367– 1368.
189. Sprague, L. D.,, and H. Neubauer. 2005. Yersinia aleksiciae sp. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55: 831– 835.
190. Stevens, M.,, and N. S. Mair. 1973. A numerical taxonomic study of Yersinia enterocolitica strains. Contrib. Microbiol. Immunol. 2: 17– 22.
191. Stock, I.,, B. Henrichfreise,, and B. Wiedemann. 2002. Natural antibiotic susceptibility and biochemical profiles of Yersinia enterocolitica-like strains: Y. bercovieri, Y. mollaretii, Y. aldovae and ‘ Y. ruckeri.’ J. Med. Microbiol. 51: 56– 59.
192. Stock, I.,, and B. Wiedemann. 2003. Natural antimicrobial susceptibilities and biochemical profiles of Yersinia enterocolitica- like strains: Y. frederiksenii, Y. intermedia, Y. kristensenii and Y. rohdei. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 38: 139– 152.
193. Stolk-Engelaar, V. M. M.,, and J. A. A. Hoogkamp- Korstanje. 1996. Clinical presentation and diagnosis of gastrointestinal infections by Yersinia enterocolitica in 261 Dutch patients. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 28: 571– 575.
194. Stolk-Engelaar, V. M. M.,, J. F. G. M. Meis,, J. A. Mulder,, F. L. A. Loeffen,, and J. A. A. Hoogkamp-Korstanje. 1995. In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of Yersinia enterocolitica isolates from stools of patients in the Netherlands from 1982-1991. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 36: 839– 843.
195. Straley, S. C. 1991. The low-Ca 2+ response virulence regulon of human-pathogenic yersiniae. Microb. Pathog. 10: 87– 91.
196. Straley, S. C.,, and R. D. Perry. 1995. Environmental modulation of gene expression and pathogenesis in Yersinia. Trends Microbiol. 3: 310– 317.
197. Straley, S. C.,, G. V. Plano,, E. Skrzypek,, P. L. Haddix,, and K. A. Fields. 1993. Regulation by Ca 2+?in the Yersinia low- Ca 2+?response. Mol. Microbiol. 8: 1005– 1010.
198. Straley, S. C.,, E. Skrzypek,, G. V. Plano,, and J. B. Bliska. 1993. Yops of Yersinia spp. pathogenic for humans. Infect. Immun. 61: 3105– 3110.
199. Stuart, S. J.,, J. K. Prpic,, and R. M. Robins-Browne. 1986. Production of aerobactin by some species of the genus Yersinia. J. Bacteriol. 166: 1131– 1133.
200. Sulakvelidze, A. 2000. Yersiniae other than Y. enterocolitica, Y. pseudotuberculosis, and Y. pestis: the ignored species. Microbe Infect. 2: 497– 513.
201. Sulakvelidze, A.,, K. Dalakishvili,, and E. Barry. 1996. Analysis of clinical and environmental Yersinia isolates in the republic of Georgia. J. Clin. Microbiol. 34: 2325– 2327.
202. Tacket, C. O.,, B. R. Davis,, G. P. Carter,, J. F. Randolph,, and M. L. Cohen. 1983. Yersinia enterocolitica pharyngitis. Ann. Intern. Med. 99: 40– 42.
203. Tacket, C. O.,, J. P. Narain,, R. Sattin R,, J. P. Lofgren,, C. Koningsberg, Jr.,, R. C. Rendtorff,, A. Rausa,, B. R. Davis,, and M. L. Cohen. 1984. A multistate outbreak of infections caused by Yersinia enterocolitica transmitted by pasteurized milk. JAMA 251: 483– 486.
204. Tanaka, T.,, N. Yamakawa,, H. Yamaguchi,, A. A. Okada,, Y. Konoeda,, T. Ogawa,, S. Kamiya,, and M. Usui. 1996. Common antigenicity between Yersinia enterocolitica-derived heat-shock protein and the retina, and its role in uveitis. Ophthalmol. Res. 28: 284– 288.
205. Tauxe, R. V. 2004. Salad and pseudoappendicitis: Yersinia pseudotuberculosis as a foodborne pathogen. J. Infect. Dis. 189: 761– 763.
206. Tertti, R.,, K. Granfors,, O.-P. Lehtonen,, J. Mertsola,, A. L. Makela,, I. Valimaki,, D. Hanninen,, and A. Toivanen. 1984. An outbreak of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection. J. Infect. Dis. 149: 245– 250.
207. Tertti, R.,, R. Vuento,, P. Mikkola,, K. Granfors,, A.-L. Makela,, and A. Toivanen. 1989. Clinical manifestations of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection in children. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 8: 587– 591.
208. Thomas, L. V.,, R. J. Gross,, T. Cheasty,, C. R. Shipp,, and B. Rowe. 1983. Antigenic relationships among type strains of Yersinia enterocolitca and those of Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and Shigella spp. J. Clin. Microbiol. 17: 109– 111.
209. Tsai, S.,, and L. Chen. 1991. Occurrence of Yersinia enterocolitica in pork products from northern Taiwan. Contrib. Microbiol. Immunol. 12: 56– 62.
210. Tsubokura, M.,, K. Otsuki,, M. Tanaka,, T. Hongo,, H. Fukushima,, T. Maruyama,, and M. Inoue. 1989. Special features of distribution of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis in Japan. J. Clin. Microbiol. 27: 790– 791.
211. Ursing, J.,, D. J. Brenner,, H. Bercovier,, G. R. Fanning,, A. G. Steigerwalt,, J. Brault,, and H. H. Mollaret. 1980. Yersinia frederiksenii: a new species of Enterobacteriaceae composed of rhamnose-positive strains (formerly called atypical Yersinia enterocolitica or Yersinia enterocolitica-like). Curr. Microbiol. 4: 213– 217.
212. Ursing, J.,, A. G. Steigerwalt,, and D. J. Brenner. 1980. Lack of genetic relatedness between Yersinia philomiragia (the “Philomiragia” bacterium) and Yersinia species. Curr. Microbiol. 4: 231– 233.
213. Vadillo, M.,, X. Corbella,, V. Pac,, P. Fernandez-Viladrich,, and R. Pujol. 1994. Multiple liver abscesses due to Yersinia enterocolitica discloses primary hemochromatosis: three case reports and review. Clin. Infect. Dis. 18: 938– 941.
214. Van Loghem, J. J. 1944. The classification of the plague bacillus. Antonie Leeuwenhoek 10: 15– 16.
215. Van Noyen, R.,, J. Vandepitte,, G. Wauters,, and R. Selderslaghs. 1981. Yersinia enterocolitica: its isolation by cold enrichment from patients and healthy subjects. J. Clin. Pathol. 34: 1052– 1056.
216. Verhaegen, J.,, J. Charlier,, P. Lemmens,, M. Delmec,, R. Van Noyen,, L. Verbist,, and G. Wauters. 1998. Surveillance of human Yersinia enterocolitica infections in Belgium: 1967-1996. Clin. Infect. Dis. 27: 59– 64.
217. Visser, L. G.,, P. S. Hiemstra,, M. T. van den Barselaar,, P. A. Ballieux,, and R. van Furth. 1996. Role of YadA in resistance to killing of Yersinia enterocolitica by antimicrobial polypeptides of human granulocytes. Infect. Immun. 64: 1653– 1658.
218. von Eckardstein, K.,, A. Spuler,, C. Brauer,, M. Mehl,, and J. Kiwit. 2004. Spontaneous cervical osteomyelitis due to Yersinia enterocolitica in a non-immunocompromised host. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect Dis. 23: 66– 68.
219. Wagner, S. J.,, L. I. Friedman,, and R. Y. Dodd. 1994. Transfusion-associated bacterial sepsis. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 7: 290– 302.
220. Wakefield, D.,, T. H. Stahlberg,, A. Toivanen,, K. Granfors,, and C. Tennant. 1990. Serologic evidence of Yersinia infection in patients with anterior uveitis. Arch. Ophthalmol. 108: 219– 221.
221. Waterfield, N.,, B. Wren,, and R. ffrench-Constant. 2004. Invertebrates as a source of emerging human pathogens. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2: 833– 841.
221a.. Wauters, G. Ph.D. thesis. Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain, Belgium.
222. Wauters, G.,, S. Aleksic,, J. Charlier,, and G. Schulze. 1991. Somatic and flagellar antigens of Yersinia enterocolitica and related species. Contrib. Microbiol. Immunol. 12: 239– 243.
223. Wauters, G.,, A. Boel,, G. P. Voorn,, J. Verhaegen,, F. Meunier,, M. Janssens,, and L. Verbist. 1995. Evaluation of a new identification system, Crystal Enteric/Non-fermenter, for gram-negative bacilli. J. Clin. Microbiol. 33: 845– 849.
224. Wauters, G.,, M. Janssens,, A. G. Steigerwalt,, and D. J. Brenner. 1988. Yersinia mollaretii sp. nov. and Yersinia bercovieri sp. nov., formerly called Yersinia enterocolitica biogroups 3A and 3B. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 38: 424– 429.
225. Wauters, G.,, K. Kandolo,, and M. Janssens. 1987. Revised biogrouping scheme of Yersinia enterocolitica. Contrib. Microbiol. Immunol. 9: 14– 21.
226. Weniger, B. G.,, J. Warren,, V. Forseth,, G. W. Shipps,, T. Credman,, J. Gordon,, and A. M. Barnes. 1984. Human bubonic plague transmitted by a domestic cat scratch. JAMA 251: 927– 928.
227. Werner, S. B.,, C. E. Weidmer,, B. E. Nelson,, G. S. Nygaard,, R. M. Goerhal,, and J. D. Poland. 1984. Primary plague pneumonia contracted from domestic cat at South Lake Tahoe, Calif. JAMA 251: 929– 931.
228. Wheeler, J. G.,, D. Sethi,, J. M. Cowden,, P. G. Wall,, L. C. Rodrigues,, D. S. Tompkins,, M. J. Hudson, and P. J. Roderick on behalf of the Infectious Intestinal Disease Study Executive. 1999. Study of infectious intestinal disease in England: rates in the community, presenting to general practice, and reported to national surveillance. Br. Med. J. 318: 1046– 1050.
229. Winblad, S., 1981. Erythema nodosum associated with infection with Yersinia enterocolitica, p. 125– 133. In E. J. Bottone (ed.), Yersinia enterocolitica. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, Fla.
230. Woernle, C. H.,, R. E. Hoffman,, and J. D. Smith. 1991. Yersinia enterocolitica bacteremia and endotoxin shock associated with red blood cell transfusions—United States, 1991. JAMA 265: 2174– 2175.
231. Wuthe, H.-H.,, S. Aleksic,, and S. Kwapil. 1995. Yersinia in the European brown hare of northern Germany. Contrib. Microbiol. Immunol. 13: 51– 54.
232. Zhou, D.,, Y. Han,, Y. Song,, P. Huang,, and R. Yang. 2004. Comparative and evolutionary genomics of Yersinia pestis. Microbes Infect. 6: 1226– 1234.

Tables

The Genus Yersinia
Citation: Janda J, Abbott S. 2006. The Genus Yersinia, p 205-232. In The Enterobacteria, Second Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555817541.ch13
/content/10.1128/9781555817541.chap13.tab13-1
Table 1

Current composition of the genus

10.1128/9781555817541/tab13-1_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555817541/tab13-1.gif
Generic image for table
Table 1

Current composition of the genus

Citation: Janda J, Abbott S. 2006. The Genus Yersinia, p 205-232. In The Enterobacteria, Second Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555817541.ch13
/content/10.1128/9781555817541.chap13.tab13-2
Table 2

Environmental distribution of yersiniae

10.1128/9781555817541/tab13-2_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555817541/tab13-2.gif
Generic image for table
Table 2

Environmental distribution of yersiniae

Citation: Janda J, Abbott S. 2006. The Genus Yersinia, p 205-232. In The Enterobacteria, Second Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555817541.ch13
/content/10.1128/9781555817541.chap13.tab13-3
Table 3

Reported sources from which uncommon species have been isolated

10.1128/9781555817541/tab13-3_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555817541/tab13-3.gif
Generic image for table
Table 3

Reported sources from which uncommon species have been isolated

Citation: Janda J, Abbott S. 2006. The Genus Yersinia, p 205-232. In The Enterobacteria, Second Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555817541.ch13
/content/10.1128/9781555817541.chap13.tab13-4
Table 4

Manifestations of and bacteremia

10.1128/9781555817541/tab13-4_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555817541/tab13-4.gif
Generic image for table
Table 4

Manifestations of and bacteremia

Citation: Janda J, Abbott S. 2006. The Genus Yersinia, p 205-232. In The Enterobacteria, Second Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555817541.ch13
/content/10.1128/9781555817541.chap13.tab13-5
Table 5

Comparison of isolation rates for

10.1128/9781555817541/tab13-5_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555817541/tab13-5.gif
Generic image for table
Table 5

Comparison of isolation rates for

Citation: Janda J, Abbott S. 2006. The Genus Yersinia, p 205-232. In The Enterobacteria, Second Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555817541.ch13
/content/10.1128/9781555817541.chap13.tab13-6
Table 6

Differential reactions in screening media for and other isolated from CIN

10.1128/9781555817541/tab13-6_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555817541/tab13-6.gif
Generic image for table
Table 6

Differential reactions in screening media for and other isolated from CIN

Citation: Janda J, Abbott S. 2006. The Genus Yersinia, p 205-232. In The Enterobacteria, Second Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555817541.ch13
/content/10.1128/9781555817541.chap13.tab13-7
Table 7

A brief overview of virulence characteristics associated with yersiniae

10.1128/9781555817541/tab13-7_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555817541/tab13-7.gif
Generic image for table
Table 7

A brief overview of virulence characteristics associated with yersiniae

Citation: Janda J, Abbott S. 2006. The Genus Yersinia, p 205-232. In The Enterobacteria, Second Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555817541.ch13

Back to top
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Please check the format of the address you have entered.
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error