Uncommon Enterobacterial Genera Associated with Clinical Specimens

doi:10.1128/9781555817541.ch20

Chapter 20 : Uncommon Enterobacterial Genera Associated with Clinical Specimens

Authors: J. Michael Janda¹, Sharon L. Abbott²

VIEW AFFILIATIONS HIDE AFFILIATIONS

Affiliations: 1: Microbial Diseases Laboratory California Department of Health Services, Richmond, California; 2: Enteric Bacteriology Microbial Diseases Laboratory California Department of Health Services, Richmond, California

Content Type: Monograph

Publication Year: 2006

Category: Bacterial Pathogenesis

Book DOI: 10.1128/9781555817541

Chapter DOI: 10.1128/9781555817541.ch20

MyBook is a cheap paperback edition of the original book and will be sold at uniform, low price.

Preview this chapter:

Uncommon Enterobacterial Genera Associated with Clinical Specimens, Page 1 of 2

< Previous page | Next page > /docserver/preview/fulltext/10.1128/9781555817541/9781555813420_Chap20-1.gif /docserver/preview/fulltext/10.1128/9781555817541/9781555813420_Chap20-2.gif

Abstract:

Cedecea can be separated from other members of the Enterobacteriaceae by negative tests for lysine decarboxylase (LDC), gelatinase, and deoxyribonuclease; their inability to ferment L-arabinose and L-rhamnose; and a positive test for arginine dihydrolase (ADH). In addition, some strains of Cedecea produce what is described as a distinctive potato-like odor (actually a rather pungent, unpleasant, musty smell), a trait they share with Serratia odorifera. Ewingella americana is also thought to be a possible cause of internal stipe necrosis, a browning disorder of the cultivated mushroom Agaricus bisporus. In 1981, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) redefined the genus Kluyvera and proposed it for a group of organisms known as enteric group 8. Kluyvera spp. utilize a wide number of substrates, ferment most sugars, and must be separated from other indole-positive, Voges-Proskauer (VP)-negative members of the Enterobacteriaceae. Typical of most enteric bacteria, Leminorella grows well on isolation media. As it does not ferment lactose or sucrose and is H2S positive, it produces colorless colonies with or without a black center resembling Salmonella. In 1986, researchers isolated three strains from 400 diarrheal stools with a medium specifically designed for Moellerella. Rahnella has been shown to be the most abundant nitrogen-fixing bacterium isolated from the rhizosphere of wheat and maize, one of two dominant bacteria present on grasses, and isolated from carrots.

Citation: Janda J, Abbott S. 2006. Uncommon Enterobacterial Genera Associated with Clinical Specimens, p 357-376. In The Enterobacteria, Second Edition. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555817541.ch20

Key Concept Ranking

Gram-Negative Bacteria: 0.7883698
Chemicals: 0.6796139
Viruses: 0.5833274
Bacteria: 0.57908165
beta-Lactamase Inhibitors: 0.5670106
Kluyvera ascorbata: 0.50174314

0.7883698

Highlighted Text: Show | Hide

Full text loading...

References

/content/book/10.1128/9781555817541.chap20

1. Abbott, S. L.,, and J. M. Janda. 1994. Isolation of Yokenella regensburgei (“ Koserella trabulsii”) from a patient with transient bacteremia and from a patient with a septic knee. J. Clin. Microbiol. 32: 2854– 2855.

2. Achouak, W.,, J.-M. Pages,, R. De Mot,, G. Molle,, and T. Heulin. 1998. A major outer membrane protein of Rahnella aquatilis functions as a porin and root adhesion. J. Bacteriol. 180: 909– 913.

3. Aevaliotis, A.,, A. M. Belle,, J. P. Chanione,, and E. Serruys. 1985. Kluyvera ascorbata isolated from a baby with diarrhea. Clin. Microbiol. Newsl. 7: 51.

4. Aguilera, A.,, J. Pascual,, E. Loza,, G. Garcia,, F. Liano,, C. Quereda,, and J. Ortuno. 1995. Bacteremia with Cedecea neteri in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. Postgrad. Med. J. 1: 179– 180.

5. Akhurst, R. J. 1980. Morphological and functional dimorphism in Xenorhabdus spp., bacteria symbiotically associated with the insect pathogenic nematodes Neoaplectana and Heterorhabditis. J. Gen. Microbiol. 121: 303– 309.

6. Akhurst, R. J. 1982. Antibiotic activity of Xenorhabdus spp., bacteria symbiotically associated with insect pathogenic nematodes of the families Hererorhabditidae and Steinernematidae. J. Gen. Microbiol. 128: 3061– 3065.

7. Akhurst, R. J.,, N. E. Boemare,, P. H. Janssen,, M. M. Peel,, D. A. Alfredson,, and C. E. Beard. 2004. Taxonomy of Australian clinical isolates of the genus Photorhabdus and proposal of Photorhabdus asymbiotica subsp. asymbiotica subsp. nov. and P. asymbiotica subsp. australis subsp. nov. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54: 1301– 1310.

8. Akhurst, R. J.,, R. G. Mourant,, L. Baud,, and N. E. Boemare. 1996. Phenotypic and DNA relatedness between nematode symbionts and clinical strains of the genus Photorhabdus ( Enterobacteriaceae). Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 46: 1034– 1041.

9. Alballaa, S. R.,, S. M. Quadri,, O. al-Furayh,, and K. al-Qatary. 1992. Urinary tract infection due to Rahnella aquatilis in a renal transplant patient. J. Clin. Microbiol. 30: 2948– 2950.

10. Altwegg, M.,, J. Zollinger-Iten,, and A. von Graevenitz. 1986. Differentiation of Kluyvera cryocrescens from Kluyvera ascorbata by irgasan susceptibility testing. Ann. Inst. Pasteur Microbiol. 137A: 159– 168.

11.Anonymous. 1985. Validation of the publication of new names outside the IJSB: list no. 17. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 35: 223– 225.

12. Asai, T.,, H. Iizuka,, and K. Komagata. 1962. The flagellation of genus Kluyvera. J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. 8: 187– 191.

13. Asai, T.,, S. Okumura,, and T. Tsunoda. 1956. On a new genus, Kluyvera. Proc. Jpn. Acad. 32: 488– 493.

14. Asai, T.,, S. Okumura,, and T. Tsunoda. 1957. On the classification of the α-ketoglutaric acid accumulating bacteria in aerobic fermentation. J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. 3: 13– 33.

15. Bae, B. H. C.,, and S. B. Sureka. 1983. Cedecea davisae isolated from scrotal abscess. J. Urol. 1: 148– 149.

16. Bae, B. H. C.,, S. B. Sureka,, and J. A. Ajamy. 1981. Enteric group 15 ( Enterobacteriaceae) associated with pneumonia. J. Clin. Microbiol. 14: 596– 597.

17. Bangert, R. L.,, A. C. Ward,, E. H. Stauber,, B. R. Cho,, and P. R. Widders. 1988. A survey of the aerobic bacteria in the feces of captive raptors. Avian Dis. 32: 53– 62.

18. Bascomb, S.,, S. L. Abbott,, J. D. Bobolis,, D. A. Bruckner,, S. J. Connell,, S. K. Cullen,, M. Daugherty,, D. Glenn,, J. M. Janda,, S. J. Lentsch,, D. Lindquist,, P. B. Mayhew,, D. N. Notharft,, J. R. Skinner,, G. B. Williams,, J. Wong,, and B. L. Zimmer. 1997. Multicenter evaluation of the MicroScan Rapid Gram- Negative Identification Type 3 Panel. J. Clin. Microbiol. 35: 2531– 2536.

19. Bear, N.,, K. P. Klugman,, L. Tobiansky,, and H. J. Koornhof. 1986. Wound colonization by Ewingella americana. J. Clin. Microbiol. 23: 650– 651.

20. Bellais, S.,, L. Poirel,, N. Fortineau,, J. W. Decousser,, and P. Nordmann. 2001. Biochemical-genetic characterization of the chromosomally encoded extended-spectrum class A β-lactamase from Rahnella aquatilis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45: 2965– 2968.

21. Berge, O.,, T. Heulin,, and W. Achouak. 1991. Rahnella aquatilis, a nitrogen-fixing enteric bacterium associated with the rhizosphere of wheat and maize. Can. J. Microbiol. 37: 195– 203.

22. Berkowitz, F. E.,, and B. Metchock. 1995. Third generation cephalothin-resistant gram-negative bacilli in the feces of hospitalized children. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. 14: 97– 100.

23. Blekher, L.,, Y. Siegman-Igra,, D. Schwartz,, S. A. Berger,, and Y. Carmeli. 2000. Clinical significance and antibiotic resistance patterns of Leminorella spp., an emerging nosocomial pathogen. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38: 3036– 3038.

24. Boemare, N. E.,, R. J. Akhurst,, and R. G. Mourant. 1993. DNA relatedness between Xenorhabdus spp. ( Enterobacteriaceae) symbiotic bacteria of entomopathogenic nematodes, and a proposal to transfer Xenorhabdus luminescens to a new genus, Photorhabdus gen. nov. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 43: 249– 255.

25. Bourbeau, P. P.,, and B. J. Heiter. 1998. Comparison of Vitek GNI and GNI+ cards for identification of gram-negative bacteria. J. Clin. Microbiol. 36: 2775– 2777.

26. Braunstein, H.,, M. Tomasulo,, S. Scott,, and M. P. Chadwick. 1980. A biotype of Enterobacteriaceae intermediate between Citrobacter and Enterobacter. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 73: 114– 116.

27. Brenner, D. J.,, H. E. Muller,, A. G. Steigerwalt,, A. M. Whitney,, C. M. O’Hara,, and P. Kampfer. 1998. Two new Rahnella genomospecies that cannot be phenotypically differentiated from Rahnella aquatilis. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 48: 141– 149.

28. Brooks, T.,, and S. Feldman. 2003. Central venous catheter infection in a child: case report and review of Kluyvera infection in children. South. Med. J. 96: 214– 217.

29. Burd, G. I.,, D. G. Dixon,, and B. R. Glick. 2000. Plant growth-promoting bacteria that decrease heavy metal toxicity in plants. Can. J. Microbiol. 46: 237– 245.

30. Carinder, J. E.,, J. D. Chua,, R. B. Corales,, A. J. Taege,, and G. W. Procop. 2001. Rahnella aquatilis bacteremia in a patient with relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 33: 471– 473.

31. Caroff, N.,, C. Chamoux,, F. le Gallou,, E. Espaze,, F. Gavini,, D. Gautreau,, H. Richet,, and A. Reynaud. 1998. Two epidemiologically related cases of Rahnella aquatilis bacteremia. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 17: 349– 352.

31a.. Carter, J. E.,, and T. N. Evans. 2005. Clinically significant Kluyvera infections. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 123: 334– 338.

32. Cassel-Beraud, A. M.,, and C. Richard. 1988. The aerobic intestinal flora of the microchiropteran bat Chaerephon pumila in Madagascar. Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. Filiales 5: 806– 810.

33. Chang, C. L.,, J. Jeong,, J. H. Shin,, E. Y. Lee,, and H. C. Son. 1999. Rahnella aquatilis sepsis in an immunocompetent adult. J. Clin. Microbiol. 37: 4161– 4162.

34. Ciche, T. A.,, and J. C. Ensign. 2003. For the insect pathogen Photorhabdus luminescens, which end of a nematode is out? Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69: 1890– 1897.

35. Coudron, P. E.,, and S. M. Markowitz. 1987. Cedecea lapagei isolated from lung tissue. Clin. Microbiol. Newsl. 9: 171– 172.

36. Daborn, P. J.,, N. Waterfield,, C. P. Silva,, C. P. Y. Au,, S. Sharma,, and R. H. ffrench-Constant. 2002. A single Photorhabdus gene, makes caterpillars floppy (mcf ), allows Escherichia coli to persist within and kill insects. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99: 10742– 10747.

37. Da Costa, P. S.,, M. M. Tostes,, and L. M. de Carvalho Valle. 2000. A case of keratoconjunctivitis due to Ewingella americana and a review of unusual organisms causing external eye infections. Braz. J. Infect. Dis. 4: 262– 267.

37a.. Darling, S.,, L. Taniguchi,, G. Erdem,, and K. N. Kon. 2005. Soft tissue infection caused by Kluyvera species. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 24: 93.

38. De Baere, T.,, G. Wauters,, A. Huylenbroeck,, G. Claeys,, R. Peleman,, G. Verschraegen,, D. Allemeersch,, and M. Vaneechoutte. 2001. Isolations of Leclercia adecarboxylata from a patient with a chronically inflamed gallbladder and from a patient with sepsis without focus. J. Clin. Microbiol. 39: 1674– 1675.

39. De Freitas, J. R.,, J. J. Schoenau,, S. M. Boyetchko,, and S. A. Cyrenne. 2003. Soil microbial populations, community composition, and activity as affected by repeated applications of hog and cattle manure in eastern Saskatchewan. Can. J. Microbiol. 49: 538– 548.

40. Devreese, K.,, G. Claeys,, and G. Verschraegen. 1992. Septicemia with Ewingella americana. J. Clin. Microbiol. 30: 2746– 2747.

41. Dollberg, S.,, A. Gandacu,, and A. Klar. 1990. Acute pyelonephritis due to Kluyvera species in a child. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. 9: 281– 282.

42. Duarte, A.,, N. Faria,, T. Conceicao,, M. Correia,, L. M. Lito,, J. Melo Cristino,, M. J. Salgado,, and R. Tenreiro. 2002. Identification of TEM-10 β-lactamase in Kluyvera sp. and other Enterobacteriaceae at a Portugese hospital. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46: 4041– 4042.

43. Fainstein, V. R.,, L. Hopfer,, K. Mills,, and G. P. Bodey. 1982. Colonization by or diarrhea due to Kluyvera species. J. Infect. Dis. 145: 127.

44. Farmer, J. J., III, B. R. Davis, F. W. Hickman-Brenner, A. McWhorter, G. P. Huntley-Carter, M. A. Asbury, C. Riddle, H. G. Wathen-Grady, C. Elias, G. R. Fanning, A. G. Steigerwalt, C. M. O’Hara, G. K. Morris, P. B. Smith, and D. J. Brenner. 1985. Biochemical identification of new species and biogroups of Enterobacteriaceae isolated from clinical specimens. J. Clin. Microbiol. 21: 46– 76.

45. Farmer, J. J., III, G. R. Fanning, G. P. Huntley-Carter, B. Holmes, F. W. Hickman-Brenner, C. Richard, and D. J. Brenner. 1981. Kluyvera, a new (redefined) genus in the family Enterobacteriaceae: identification of Kluyvera ascorbata sp. nov. and Kluyvera cryocrescens sp. nov. in clinical specimens. J. Clin. Microbiol. 13: 919– 933.

46. Farmer, J. J., III,, J. H. Jorgensen,, P. A. D. Grimont,, R. J. Akhurst,, G. O. Poinar Jr.,, E. Agernon,, G. V. Pierce,, J. A. Smith,, G. P. Carter,, K. L Wilson,, and F. W. Hickman-Brenner. 1989. Xenorhabdus luminescens (DNA hybridization group 5) from human clinical specimens. J. Clin. Microbiol. 27: 1594– 1600.

47. Farmer, J. J., III, N. K. Sneath, J. A. Hudzinski, and H. D. Rose. 1982. Bacteremia due to Cedecea neteri sp. nov. J. Clin. Microbiol. 16: 775– 778.

48. Fattal, O.,, and J. G. Deville. 2000. Leclercia adecarboxylata peritonitis in a child receiving chronic peritoneal dialysis. Pediatr. Nephrol. 15: 186– 187.

49. Fischer-Le Saux, M.,, V. Villard,, B. Brunel,, P. Normand,, and N. E. Boemare. 1999. Polyphasic classification of the genus Photorhabdus and proposal of new taxa: P. luminescens subsp. luminescens subsp. nov., P. luminescens subsp. akhurstii subsp. nov., P. luminescens subsp. laumondii subsp. nov., P. temperata sp. nov., P. temperata subsp. temperata subsp. nov. and P. asymbiotica sp. nov. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 49: 1645– 1656.

50. Forst, S.,, B. Dowds,, N. Boemare,, and E. Stackebrandt. 1997. Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus spp.: bugs that kill bugs. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 51: 47– 72.

51. Forst, S.,, and K. Nealson. 1996. Molecular biology of the symbiotic-pathogenic bacteria Xenorhabdus spp. and Photorhabdus spp. Microbiol. Rev. 60: 21– 43.

52. Funke, G.,, D. Monnet,, C. deBernardis,, A. von Graevenitz,, and J. Freney. 1998. Evaluation of the VITEK 2 system for rapid identification of medically revelant gram-negative rods. J. Clin. Microbiol. 36: 1948– 1952.

53. Funke, G.,, and H. Rosner. 1995. Rahnella aquatilis bacteremia in an HIV-infected intravenous drug abuser. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 22: 293– 296.

54. Gallios, A.,, and P. A. D. Grimont. 1985. Pyrazine responsible for the potatolike odor produced by some Serratia and Cedecea strains. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 50: 1048– 1051.

55. Gerrard, J. G.,, S. McNevin,, D. Alfredson,, R. Forgan-Smith,, and N. Fraser. 2003. Photorhabdus species: bioluminescent bacteria as emerging human pathogens? Emerg. Infect. Dis. 9: 251– 254.

56. Goubau, P.,, F. Van Aelst,, J. Verhaegen,, and M. Boogaerts. 1988. Septicemia caused by Rahnella aquatilis in an immuno-compromised patient. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 7: 697– 699.

57. Grimont, P. A. D.,, J. J. Farmer III,, F. Grimont,, M. A. Asbury,, D. J. Brenner,, and C. Deval. 1983. Ewingella americana gen. nov., sp. nov., a new Enterobacteriaceae isolated from clinical specimens. Ann Microbiol. (Paris) 134A: 39– 52.

58. Grimont, P. A. D.,, F. Grimont,, J. J. Farmer III,, and M. A. Asbury. 1981. Cedecea davisae gen. nov., sp. nov., and Cedecea lapagei sp. nov., new Enterobacteriaceae from clinical specimens. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 31: 317– 326.

59. Grimont, P. A. D.,, A. G. Steigerwalt,, N. Boemare,, F. W. Hickman-Brenner,, C. Deval,, F. Grimont,, and D. J. Brenner. 1984. Deoxyribonucleic acid relatedness and phenotypic study of the genus Xenorhabdus. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 34: 378– 388.

60. Hamilton-Miller, J. M.,, and S. Shah. 2001. Identity and antibiotic susceptibility of enterobacterial flora of salad vegetables. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 18: 81– 83.

61. Hamze, M.,, J. Maegaert,, H. J. J. van Vuuren,, F. Gavini,, A. Beji,, D. Izard,, and K. Kersters. 1991. Rahnella aquatilis, a potential contaminant in lager beer breweries. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 13: 63– 68.

62. Hansen, M. W.,, and G. Y. Glupczynski. 1984. Isolation of an unusual Cedecea species from a cutaneous ulcer. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. 3: 152– 153.

63. Harrell, L. J.,, M. L. Cameron,, and C. M. O’Hara. 1989. Rahnella aquatilis, an unusual gram-negative rod isolated from the bronchial washing of a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. J. Clin. Microbiol. 27: 1671– 1672.

64. Heizmann, W. R.,, and R. Michel. 1991. Isolation of Ewingella americana from a patient with conjunctivitis. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 10: 957– 959.

65. Heron, S. J. E.,, J. F. Wilkinson,, and C. M. Duffus. 1993. Enterobacteria associated with grass and silages. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 75: 13– 17.

66. Hickman-Brenner, F. W.,, G. P. Huntley-Carter,, G. R. Fanning,, D. J. Brenner,, and J. J. Farmer III. 1985. Koserella trabulsii, a new genus and species of Enterobacteriaceae formerly known as Enteric Group 45. J. Clin. Microbiol. 21: 39– 42.

67. Hickman-Brenner, F. W.,, G. P. Huntley-Carter,, Y. Saitoh,, A. G. Steigerwalt,, J. J. Farmer III,, and D. J. Brenner. 1984. Moellerella wisconsensis, a new genus and species of Enterobacteriaceae found in human stool specimens. J. Clin. Microbiol. 19: 460– 463.

68. Hickman-Brenner, F. W.,, M. P. Vohra,, G. P. Huntley-Carter,, G. R. Fanning,, V. A. Lowery III,, D. J. Brenner,, and J. J. Farmer III. 1985. Leminorella, a new genus of Enterobacteriaceae: identification of Leminorella grimontii sp. nov. and Leminorella richardii sp. nov. found in clinical specimens. J. Clin. Microbiol. 21: 234– 239.

69. Hollis, D. G.,, F. W. Hickman,, G. R. Fanning,, J. J. Farmer III,, R. E. Weaver,, and D. J. Brenner. 1981. Tatumella ptyseos gen. nov., sp. nov., a member of the family Enterobacteriaceae found in clinical specimens. J. Clin. Microbiol. 14: 79– 88.

70. Hoppe, J. E.,, M. Herter,, S. Aleksic,, T. Klingbiel,, and D. Niethammer. 1993. Catheter-related Rahnella aquatilis bacteremia in a pediatric bone marrow transplant recipient. J. Clin. Microbiol. 31: 1911– 1912.

71. Hurlbert, R. E. 1994. Investigations into the pathogenic mechanisms of the bacterium-nematode complex. ASM News 60: 473– 478.

72. Inglis, P. W.,, and J. F. Peberdy. 1996. Isolation of Ewingella americana from the cultivated mushroom, Agaricus bisporus. Curr. Microbiol. 33: 334– 337.

73. Izard, D.,, F. Gavini,, P. A. Trinel,, and H. Leclerc. 1979. Rahnella aquatilis, nouveau membre de la famille des Enterobacteriaceae. Ann. Microbiol. (Paris) 130: 163– 177.

74. Jang, E. B.,, and K. A. Nishijima. 1990. Identification and attractancy of bacteria associated with Dacus dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae). Environ. Entomol. 19: 1726– 1731.

75. Jensen, N.,, P. Varelis,, and F. B. Whitfield. 2001. Formation of guaiacol in chocolate milk by the psychrotrophic bacterium, Rahnella aquatilis. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 33: 339– 343.

76. Jossart, M.-F.,, and R. J. Courcol. 1999. Evaluation of an automated system for identification of Enterobacteriaceae and nonfermenting bacilli. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 18: 902– 907.

77. Kati, C.,, E. Bibashi,, E. Kokolina,, and D. Sofianou. 1999. Case of peritonitis caused by Ewingella americana in a patient undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 37: 3733– 3734.

78. Kitch, T. T.,, M. R. Jacobs,, and P. C. Appelbaum. 1994. Evaluation of RapID onE system for identification of 379 strains in the family Enterobacteriaceae and oxidase-negative gram-negative nonfermenters. J. Clin. Microbiol. 32: 931– 934.

79. Kosako, Y.,, and R. Sakazaki. 1991. Priority of Yokenella regensburgei Kosako, Sakazaki, and Yoshizaki 1985 over Koserella trabulsii Hickman-Brenner, Huntley-Carter, Brenner, and Farmer 1985. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 41: 171.

80. Kosako, Y. R. Sakazaki, G. P. Huntley-Carter, and J. J. Farmer III. 1987. Yokenella regensburgei and Koserella trabulsii are subjective synonyms. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 37: 127– 129.

81. Kosako, Y.,, R. Sakazaki,, and E. Yoshizaki. 1984. Yokenella regensburgei gen. nov., sp. nov.: a new genus and species in the family Enterobacteriaceae. Jpn. J. Med. Sci. Biol. 37: 117– 124.

82. Leclerc, H. 1962. Etude biochimique d’ Enterobacteriaceae pigmentes. Ann. Inst. Pasteur 102: 726– 741.

83. Lindberg, A.-M.,, A. Ljungh,, S. Ahrne,, S. Lofdahl,, and G. Molin. 1998. Enterobacteriaceae found in high numbers in fish, minced meat and pasteurized milk or cream and the presence of toxin encoding genes. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 39: 11– 17.

84. Longhurst, C. A.,, and D. C. West. 2001. Isolation of Leclercia adecarboxylata from an infant with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Clin. Infect. Dis. 32: 1659.

85. Ma, W.,, K. Zalec,, and B. R. Glick. 2001. Biological activity and colonization pattern of the bioluminescence-labeled plant growth-promoting bacterium Kluyvera ascorbata SUD165/ 26. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 35: 137– 144.

86. Maertens, J.,, M. Delforge,, P. Vandenberghe,, M. Boogaerts,, and J. Verhaegen. 2001. Catheter-related bacteremia due to Ewingella americana. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 7: 103– 104.

87. Mangum, M. E.,, and D. Radisch. 1987. Cedecea species: unusual clinical isolate. Clin. Microbiol. Newsl. 9: 171– 172.

88. Maraki, S.,, G. Samonis,, E. Marnelakis,, and Y. Tselentis. 1994. Surgical wound infection caused by Rahnella aquatilis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 32: 2706– 2708.

89. Marshall, A. R.,, I. J. Al-Jumaili,, and A. J. Bint. 1986. The isolation of Moellerella wisconsensis from stool samples in the U. K. J. Infect. 12: 31– 33.

90. Matsukura, H.,, K. Katayama,, N. Kitano,, K. Kobayashi,, C. Kanegane,, and A. Higuchi. 1996. Infective endocarditis caused by an unusual gram-negative rod, Rahnella aquatilis. Pediatr. Cardiol. 17: 108– 111.

91. Mazzariol, A.,, J. Zuliani,, R. Fontana,, and G. Cornaglia. 2003. Isolation from blood culture of a Leclercia adecarboxylata strain producing an SHV-12 extended-spectrum β-lactamase. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41: 1738– 1739.

92. McNeil, M. M.,, B. J. Davis,, S. L. Soloman,, R. L. Anderson,, S. T. Shulman,, S. Gardner,, K. Kabat,, and W. J. Martone. 1987. Ewingella americana: recurrent pseudobacteremia from a persistent environmental reservoir. J. Clin. Microbiol. 25: 498– 500.

93. McWhorter, A. C.,, R. L. Haddock,, A. F. Nocon,, A. G. Steigerwalt,, D. J. Brenner,, A. Aleksic,, J. Bockmuhl,, and J. J. Farmer III. 1991. Trabulsiella guamensis, a new genus and species of the family Enterobacteriaceae that resembles Salmonella subgroups 4 and 5. J. Clin. Microbiol. 29: 1480– 1485.

94. Menasalvas, A.,, F. Garcia-Garrote,, E. Cercenado,, M. D. Diaz,, L. Martinez-Sanchez,, and E. Bouza. 1996. Rahnella aquatilis: a report of two cases. Clin. Microbiol. Newsl. 18: 143– 144.

95. Morgan, J. A. W.,, V. Kuntzelmann,, S. Tavernor,, M. A. Ousley,, and C. Winstanley. 1997. Survival of Xenorhabdus nematophilus and Photorhabdus luminescens in water and soil. J. Appl. Microbiol. 83: 665– 670.

96. Muller, H. E.,, D. J. Brenner,, G. R. Steigerwalt,, P. A. D. Grimont,, and P. Kampfer. 1996. Emended description of Buttiauxella agrestis with recognition of six new species of Buttiauxella and two new species of Kluyvera: Buttiauxella ferragutiae sp. nov., Buttiauxella gaviniae sp. nov., Buttiauxella brennerae sp. nov., Buttiauxella izardii sp. nov., Buttiauxella noackiae sp. nov., Buttiauxella warmboldiae sp. nov., Kluyvera cochleae sp. nov., and Kluyvera georgiana sp. nov. Int. J. Syst. Microbiol. 46: 50– 63.

97. Muller, H. E.,, G. R. Fanning,, and D. J. Brenner. 1995. Isolation of Ewingella americana from mollusks. Curr. Microbiol. 31: 287– 290.

98. Oh, H. M. L.,, and L. Tay. 1995. Bacteremia caused by Rahnella aquatilis: report of two cases and review. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 27: 79– 80.

99. O’Hara, C. M.,, and J. M. Miller. 1992. Evaluation of the autoSCAN-W/A system for rapid (2 hour) identification of the family Enterobacteriaceae. J. Clin. Microbiol. 30: 1541– 1543.

100. O’Hara, C. M.,, and J. M. Miller. 2000. Evaluation of the MicroScan Rapid Neg ID3 panel for identification of Enterobacteriaceae and some common gram-negative nonfermenters. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38: 3577– 3580.

101. O’Hara, C. M.,, and J. M. Miller. 2003. Evaluation of the Vitek 2 ID-GNB assay for identification of members of the family Enterobacteriaceae and other nonenteric gramnegative bacilli and comparison with the Vitek GNI+ card. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41: 2096– 2101.

102. O’Hara, C. M.,, F. C. Tenover,, and J. M. Miller. 1993. Parallel comparison of accuracy of API 20E, Vitek GNI, MicroScan Walk/Away Rapid ID, and Becton Dickinson Cobas Micro ID-E/NF for identification of members of the family Enterobacteriaceae and common gram-negative, non-glucosefermenting bacilli. J. Clin. Microbiol. 31: 3165– 3169.

103. O’Hara, C. M.,, G. L. Westbrook,, and J. M. Miller. 1997. Evaluation of Vitek GNI+ and Becton Dickinson Microbiology Systems Crystal E/NF identification systems for identification of members of the family Enterobacteriaceae and other gram-negative, glucose-fermenting and non-glucosefermenting bacilli. J. Clin. Microbiol. 35: 3269– 3273.

104. Österblad, M.,, O. Pensala,, M. Peterzéns,, H. Helenius,, and P. Huovinen. 1999. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Enterobacteriaceae isolated from vegetables. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 43: 503– 509.

105. Otani, E.,, and D. A. Bruckner. 1991. Leclercia adecarboxylata isolated from blood culture. Clin. Microbiol. Newsl. 13: 20.

106. Oteo, J.,, J. L. Gomez-Garces,, and J. L. Alos. 1998. Acute cholecystitis and bacteremia caused by Kluyvera ascorbata in a cirrhotic patient. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 4: 113– 115.

107. Pavan, M. E.,, R. J. Franco,, J. M. Rodriguez,, P. Gadaleta,, S. L. Abbott,, J. M. Janda,, and J. Zorzopulos. 2005. Phylogenetic relationshops of the genus Kluyvera: transfer of Enterobacter intermedius Izard et al. 1980 to the genus Kluyvera as Kluyvera intermedia comb. nov. and reclassification of Kluyvera cochleae as a later synonym of K. intermedia. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55: 437– 442.

108. Peel, M. M.,, D. A. Alfredson,, J. G. Gerrard,, J. M. Davis,, J. M. Robson,, R. J. McDougall,, B. L. Scullie,, and R. J Akhurst. 1999. Isolation, identification, and molecular characterization of strains of Photorhabdus luminescens from infected humans in Australia. J. Clin. Microbiol. 37: 3647– 3653.

109. Pien, F. D.,, and A. E. Bruce. 1986. Nosocomial Ewingella americana bacteremia in an intensive care unit. Arch. Intern. Med. 146: 111– 112.

110. Pien, F. D.,, J. J. Farmer III,, and R. E. Weaver. 1983. Polymicrobial bacteremia caused by Ewingella americana (family Enterobacteriaceae) and an unusual Pseudomonas species. J. Clin. Microbiol. 18: 727– 729.

111. Poirel, L.,, P. Kampfer,, and P. Nordmann. 2002. Chromosome-encoded Ambler class A β-lactamase of Kluyvera georgiana, a probable progenitor of a subgroup of CTX-M extended-spectrum β-lactamases. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46: 4038– 4040.

112. Prazmo, Z.,, J. Dutkiewicz,, C. Skorska,, J. Sitkowska,, and G. Cholewa. 2003. Exposure to airborne gram-negative bacteria, dust and endotoxin in paper factories. Ann. Agric. Environ. Med. 10: 93– 100.

113. Pumponi, C. B.,, M. S. Beier,, J. P. Nataro,, L. D. Guers,, and J. R. Davis. 1993. Plasmodium falciparum: inhibition of sporogonic development in Anopheles stephensi by gram-negative bacteria. Exp. Parasitol. 77: 195– 199.

114. Rabsch, W.,, and G. Winkelmann. 1991. The specificity of bacterial siderophore receptors probed by bioassays. Biol. Metals 4: 244– 250.

115. Reina, J.,, and A. Lopez. 1996. Clinical and microbiological characteristics of Rahnella aquatilis strains isolated from children. J. Infect. 33: 135– 137.

116. Rhoden, D. L.,, B. Schable,, and P. B. Smith. 1987. Evaluation of PASCO MIC-ID system for identifying gram-negative bacilli. J. Clin. Microbiol. 25: 2363– 2366.

117. Rhodes, A. N.,, J. W. Urbance,, H. Youga,, H. Corlew- Newman,, C. A. Reddy,, M. J. Klug,, J. M. Tiedje,, and D. C. Fisher. 1998. Identification of bacterial isolates obtained from intestinal contents associated with 12,000-year-old mastodon remains. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64: 651– 658.

118. Richard, C. 1987. Isolation of Kluyvera ascorbata from Madagascar lemurs, healthy carriers of this unusual enterobacteium. Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. Filiales 80: 756– 760.

119. Sandfort, R. F.,, W. Murray,, and J. M. Janda. 2002 . Moellerella wisconsensis isolated from the oral cavity of a wild raccoon ( Procyon lotor). Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2: 197– 199.

120. Sarria, J. C.,, A. M. Vidal,, and R. C. Kimbrough III. 2001. Infections caused by Kluyvera species in humans. Clin. Infect. Dis. 33e: 69– 74.

121. Schwach, T. 1979. A case report. Clin. Microbiol. Newsl. 1: 4– 5.

122. Stock, I.,, E. Falsen,, and B. Wiedemann. 2003. Moellerella wisconsensis: identification, natural antibiotic susceptibility and its dependency on the medium applied. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 45: 1– 11.

123. Stock, I.,, T. Gruger,, and B. Wiedemann. 2000. Natural antibiotic susceptibility of Rahnella aquatilis and R. aquatilis-related strains. J. Chemother. 12: 30– 39.

124. Stock, I.,, K. J. Sherwood,, and B. Wiedemann. 2003. Natural susceptibility of Ewingella americana strains. J. Chemother. 15: 428– 441.

125. Stock, I.,, K. J. Sherwood,, and B. Wiedemann. 2004. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, β-lactamases, and biochemical identification of Yokenella regensburgei strains. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 48: 5– 15.

126. Tamura, K.,, R. Sakazaki,, Y. Kosako,, and E. Yoshizaki. 1986. Leclercia adecarboxylata gen., comb. nov. formerly known as Escherichia adecarboxylata. Curr. Microbiol. 13: 179– 184.

127. Tan, S. C. 1989. The first isolate of Tatumella ptyseos in Malaysia. Malays. J. Pathol. 25: 261– 263.

128. Temesgen, Z.,, D. R. Toal,, and F. R. Cockerill III. 1997. Leclercia adecarboxylata infections: case report and review. Clin. Infect. Dis. 25: 79– 81.

129. Thaller, R.,, F. Berletta,, M. C. Thaller. 1988. Kluyvera cryocrescens strain from a gall-bladder infection. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 1: 124– 126.

130. Thomas, G. M.,, and G. O. Poinar, Jr. 1979. Xenorhabdus gen. nov., a genus of entomopathogenic, nematophilic bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 29: 352– 360.

131. Thomas, G. M.,, and G. O. Poinar, Jr. 1983. Amended description of the genus Xenorhabdus Thomas and Poinar. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 33: 878– 879.

132. Thornsberry, C. 1994. Susceptibility of clinical bacterial isolates to ciprofloxacin in the United States. Infection 22(Suppl. 2): S80– S89.

133. Tristam, D. A.,, and B. A. Forbes. 1988. Kluyvera: a case report of urinary tract infection and sepsis. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 7: 297– 298.

134. Tsai, Y. H.,, H. F. Kung,, T. M. Lee,, G. T. Lin,, and D. F. Hwang. 2004. Histamine-related hygienic qualities and bacteria found in popular commercial scrombroid fish fillets in Taiwan. J. Food Prot. 67: 407– 412.

135. Tsokos, M. 2003. Fatal Waterhouse-Freiderichsen syndrome due to Ewingella americana infection. Am. J. Forensic Med. Pathol. 24: 41– 44.

136. Wallet, F.,, A. Fruchart,, P. J. M. Bouvet,, and R. J. Courcol. 1994. Isolation of Moellerella wisconsensis from bronchial aspirate. Eur. J. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 13: 182– 183.

137. Waterfield, N. R.,, D. J. Bowen,, J. D. Fetherson,, R. D. Perry,, and R. H. ffrench-Constant. 2001. The tc genes of Photorhabdus: a growing family. Trends Microbiol. 9: 185– 191.

138. Wauters, G.,, A. Boel,, G. P. Voorn,, J. Verhaegen,, F. Meunier,, M. Janssens,, and L. Verbist. 1995. Evaluation of a new identification system, Crystal Enteric/Non-Fermenter, for gramnegative bacilli. J. Clin. Microbiol. 33: 845– 849.

139. Wittke, J.-W.,, S. Aleksic,, and H.-H. Wuthe. 1985. Isolation of Moellerella wisconsensis from an infected human gallbladder. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. 4: 351– 352.

140. Wong, V. K. 1987. Broviac catheter infection with Kluyvera ascorbata: a case report. J. Clin. Microbiol. 25: 1115– 1116.

141. Yogev, R.,, and S. Kozlowski. 1990. Peritonitis due to Kluyvera ascorbata: case report and review. Rev. Infect. Dis. 12: 399– 402.

Tables

Uncommon Enterobacterial Genera Associated with Clinical Specimens

/content/10.1128/9781555817541.chap20.tab20-1

Table 1

Taxonomic recap of miscellaneous genera in this chapter a

10.1128/9781555817541/tab20-1_thmb.gif

10.1128/9781555817541/tab20-1.gif

Table 1

Taxonomic recap of miscellaneous genera in this chapter a

/content/10.1128/9781555817541.chap20.tab20-2

Table 2

Identification of miscellaneous Enterobacteriaceae by 10 commercial systems a

10.1128/9781555817541/tab20-2_thmb.gif

10.1128/9781555817541/tab20-2.gif

Table 2

Identification of miscellaneous Enterobacteriaceae by 10 commercial systems a