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Chapter 3 : Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria and Archaea
Author:
Nils-Kåre Birkeland1
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Affiliations:
1: Department of Biology, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7800, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
Content Type: Monograph
Publication Year:
2005
Category: Applied and Industrial Microbiology; Environmental Microbiology
Book DOI:
10.1128/9781555817589
Chapter DOI:
10.1128/9781555817589.ch3
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Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria and Archaea, Page 1 of 2
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Abstract:
Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and archaea are widespread in nature and have been found in virtually every anaerobic environment that has been investigated. They play an important role in the global sulfur cycle, and in marine sediments they can account for up to 50% of the total carbon mineralization process. The cellular morphology of SRB is highly diverse, and it is still used as an important taxonomic feature. Genus Thermodesulfobacterium is one of the deepest-branching bacterial phyla and encompasses only SRB. In the process of anaerobic respiration, SRB reduce sulfate to sulfide in a complicated reaction involving the transfer of eight electrons. A wide range of organic acids (e.g., acetate, propionate, butyrate, pentanoate, and hexanoate) at concentrations up to 20mM have been found in oil reservoirs. Results from cultivation-dependent experiments for estimation of the total number of SRB in produced water show a considerable variation. The use of highly specific fluorescent antibodies and oligonucleotide probes directed against specific microbial groups, as well as the use of PCR technology and other molecular methods, has greatly increased one’s understanding of the diversity and dynamics of in situ natural microbial communities. The existence of a highly diverse community of sulfate-reducing prokaryotes in oil-bearing subsurface environments is supported both by isolation and cultivation of a large diversity of SRB from waters produced from oil reservoirs and by direct detection of SRB by cultivation-independent techniques.
Citation:
Birkeland N.
2005.
Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria and Archaea,
p 35-54.
In
Ollivier B, Magot M (ed),
Petroleum Microbiology.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817589.ch3
Figures
Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria and Archaea
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Citation:
Birkeland N.
2005.
Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria and Archaea,
p 35-54.
In
Ollivier B, Magot M (ed),
Petroleum Microbiology.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817589.ch3
/content/10.1128/9781555817589.chap3.fig3-1
FIGURE 1
Phylogenetic relationships of major lineages of sulfate-reducing prokaryotes (names in rectangles) to other organisms, as revealed by sequence analysis of 16SrRNAgenes. (Adapted from Widdel and Hansen [1992]. )
10.1128/9781555817589/fig3-1_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555817589/fig3-1.gif
FIGURE 1
Phylogenetic relationships of major lineages of sulfate-reducing prokaryotes (names in rectangles) to other organisms, as revealed by sequence analysis of 16SrRNAgenes. (Adapted from Widdel and Hansen [1992]. )
Citation:
Birkeland N.
2005.
Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria and Archaea,
p 35-54.
In
Ollivier B, Magot M (ed),
Petroleum Microbiology.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817589.ch3
/content/10.1128/9781555817589.chap3.fig3-2
FIGURE 2
Phylogenetic tree for proteobacterial SRB, with emphasis on the family Desulfovibrionaceae. Numbers before branch points represent percentages of bootstrap resampling based on 1,000 trees. Bootstrap values below 50% are not shown. (Reprinted from FEMS Microbiology Ecology [ Castro et al., 2000] with permission of Elsevier. )
10.1128/9781555817589/fig3-2_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555817589/fig3-2.gif
FIGURE 2
Phylogenetic tree for proteobacterial SRB, with emphasis on the family Desulfovibrionaceae. Numbers before branch points represent percentages of bootstrap resampling based on 1,000 trees. Bootstrap values below 50% are not shown. (Reprinted from FEMS Microbiology Ecology [ Castro et al., 2000] with permission of Elsevier. )
Citation:
Birkeland N.
2005.
Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria and Archaea,
p 35-54.
In
Ollivier B, Magot M (ed),
Petroleum Microbiology.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817589.ch3
/content/10.1128/9781555817589.chap3.fig3-3
FIGURE 3
Phylogenetic tree for proteobacterial SRB, with emphasis on the family Desulfobacteriaceae. Numbers before branch points represent percentages of bootstrap resampling, based on 1,000 trees. Bootstrap values below 50% are not shown. (Reprinted from FEMS Microbiology Ecology [ Castro et al., 2000] with permission of Elsevier. )
10.1128/9781555817589/fig3-3_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555817589/fig3-3.gif
FIGURE 3
Phylogenetic tree for proteobacterial SRB, with emphasis on the family Desulfobacteriaceae. Numbers before branch points represent percentages of bootstrap resampling, based on 1,000 trees. Bootstrap values below 50% are not shown. (Reprinted from FEMS Microbiology Ecology [ Castro et al., 2000] with permission of Elsevier. )
Citation:
Birkeland N.
2005.
Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria and Archaea,
p 35-54.
In
Ollivier B, Magot M (ed),
Petroleum Microbiology.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817589.ch3
/content/10.1128/9781555817589.chap3.fig3-4
FIGURE 4
Phylogenetic tree for gram-positive SRB. Numbers before branch points represent percentages of bootstrap resampling, based on 1,000 trees. Bootstrap values below 50% are not shown. (Reprinted from FEMS Microbiology Ecology [ Castro et al., 2000 ] with permission of Elsevier.)
10.1128/9781555817589/fig3-4_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555817589/fig3-4.gif
FIGURE 4
Phylogenetic tree for gram-positive SRB. Numbers before branch points represent percentages of bootstrap resampling, based on 1,000 trees. Bootstrap values below 50% are not shown. (Reprinted from FEMS Microbiology Ecology [ Castro et al., 2000 ] with permission of Elsevier.)
Citation:
Birkeland N.
2005.
Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria and Archaea,
p 35-54.
In
Ollivier B, Magot M (ed),
Petroleum Microbiology.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817589.ch3
/content/10.1128/9781555817589.chap3.fig3-5
FIGURE 5
Phylogenetic relationships of nonproteobacterial gram-negative thermophilic SRB with other bacterial groups. Numbers before branch points represent percentages of bootstrap resampling, based on 1,000 trees. Bootstrap values below 50% are not shown. (Reprinted from FEMS Microbiology Ecology [ Castro et al., 2000 ] with permission of Elsevier.)
10.1128/9781555817589/fig3-5_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555817589/fig3-5.gif
FIGURE 5
Phylogenetic relationships of nonproteobacterial gram-negative thermophilic SRB with other bacterial groups. Numbers before branch points represent percentages of bootstrap resampling, based on 1,000 trees. Bootstrap values below 50% are not shown. (Reprinted from FEMS Microbiology Ecology [ Castro et al., 2000 ] with permission of Elsevier.)
Citation:
Birkeland N.
2005.
Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria and Archaea,
p 35-54.
In
Ollivier B, Magot M (ed),
Petroleum Microbiology.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817589.ch3
/content/10.1128/9781555817589.chap3.fig3-6
FIGURE 6
Pathway for dissimilatory sulfate reduction in Desulfovibrio. H2ase, hydrogenase; cytc3, cytochrome c3; ATPS, ATP sulfurylase; PP, pyrophosphatase; APSR, APS reductase; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; PFO, pyruvate-ferredoxin oxidoreductase; PTA, phosphotransacetylase; AK, acetate kinase. (Adapted from Rabus et al. [2000] , White [2000 ], and Madigan et al. [2003]. )
10.1128/9781555817589/fig3-6_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555817589/fig3-6.gif
FIGURE 6
Pathway for dissimilatory sulfate reduction in Desulfovibrio. H2ase, hydrogenase; cytc3, cytochrome c3; ATPS, ATP sulfurylase; PP, pyrophosphatase; APSR, APS reductase; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; PFO, pyruvate-ferredoxin oxidoreductase; PTA, phosphotransacetylase; AK, acetate kinase. (Adapted from Rabus et al. [2000] , White [2000 ], and Madigan et al. [2003]. )
Citation:
Birkeland N.
2005.
Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria and Archaea,
p 35-54.
In
Ollivier B, Magot M (ed),
Petroleum Microbiology.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817589.ch3
/content/10.1128/9781555817589.chap3.fig3-7
FIGURE 7
Modified citric acid cycle in Desulfobacter postgatei. AcCoA, acetyl-CoA; Citr, citrate; Icitr, isocitrate; 2-OG, 2-oxoglutarate; SuCoA, succinyl- CoA; Su, succinate; Fu, fumarate; Ma, malate; OA, oxaloacetate; MQ, menaquinone; Fd, ferredoxin. (Reprinted from the Annual Review of Microbiology [ Thauer et al., 1989] with permission of the publisher. )
10.1128/9781555817589/fig3-7_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555817589/fig3-7.gif
FIGURE 7
Modified citric acid cycle in Desulfobacter postgatei. AcCoA, acetyl-CoA; Citr, citrate; Icitr, isocitrate; 2-OG, 2-oxoglutarate; SuCoA, succinyl- CoA; Su, succinate; Fu, fumarate; Ma, malate; OA, oxaloacetate; MQ, menaquinone; Fd, ferredoxin. (Reprinted from the Annual Review of Microbiology [ Thauer et al., 1989] with permission of the publisher. )
Citation:
Birkeland N.
2005.
Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria and Archaea,
p 35-54.
In
Ollivier B, Magot M (ed),
Petroleum Microbiology.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817589.ch3
/content/10.1128/9781555817589.chap3.fig3-8
FIGURE 8
CODH pathway operative in Desulfotomaculum acetoxidans (A) and A. fulgidus (B). Acetyl-P, acetyl phosphate; AcCoA, acetyl-CoA; CH3-H4F, methyltetrahydrofolate; CH2=H4F, methylene-tetrahydrofolate; CH≡H4F, methenyl-tetrahydrofolate; CHO-H4F, formyl-tetrahydrofolate; [CO], CO bound to CODH; CH3- H4MPT, methyltetrahydromethanopterin; CH2=H4MPT, methylene-tetrahydromethanopterin; CH:H4MPT, methenyl-tetrahydromethanopterin; CHO-MFR, formyltetrahydromethanopterin. (Reprinted from the Annual Review of Microbiology [Thauer et al., 1989] with permission of the publisher.
10.1128/9781555817589/fig3-8_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555817589/fig3-8.gif
FIGURE 8
CODH pathway operative in Desulfotomaculum acetoxidans (A) and A. fulgidus (B). Acetyl-P, acetyl phosphate; AcCoA, acetyl-CoA; CH3-H4F, methyltetrahydrofolate; CH2=H4F, methylene-tetrahydrofolate; CH≡H4F, methenyl-tetrahydrofolate; CHO-H4F, formyl-tetrahydrofolate; [CO], CO bound to CODH; CH3- H4MPT, methyltetrahydromethanopterin; CH2=H4MPT, methylene-tetrahydromethanopterin; CH:H4MPT, methenyl-tetrahydromethanopterin; CHO-MFR, formyltetrahydromethanopterin. (Reprinted from the Annual Review of Microbiology [Thauer et al., 1989] with permission of the publisher.
Citation:
Birkeland N.
2005.
Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria and Archaea,
p 35-54.
In
Ollivier B, Magot M (ed),
Petroleum Microbiology.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817589.ch3
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Tables
Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria and Archaea
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Citation:
Birkeland N.
2005.
Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria and Archaea,
p 35-54.
In
Ollivier B, Magot M (ed),
Petroleum Microbiology.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817589.ch3
/content/10.1128/9781555817589.chap3.tab3-1
TABLE 1
Characteristics of some representative genera of sulfate-reducing prokaryotes a
TABLE 1
Characteristics of some representative genera of sulfate-reducing prokaryotes a
Citation:
Birkeland N.
2005.
Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria and Archaea,
p 35-54.
In
Ollivier B, Magot M (ed),
Petroleum Microbiology.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817589.ch3
/content/10.1128/9781555817589.chap3.tab3-2
TABLE 2
Sulfate-reducing prokaryotes recovered from oil field production waters
TABLE 2
Sulfate-reducing prokaryotes recovered from oil field production waters
Citation:
Birkeland N.
2005.
Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria and Archaea,
p 35-54.
In
Ollivier B, Magot M (ed),
Petroleum Microbiology.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817589.ch3