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Category: Applied and Industrial Microbiology; Environmental Microbiology
Hyperthermophilic and Methanogenic Archaea in Oil Fields, Page 1 of 2
< Previous page | Next page > /docserver/preview/fulltext/10.1128/9781555817589/9781555813277_Chap04-1.gif /docserver/preview/fulltext/10.1128/9781555817589/9781555813277_Chap04-2.gifAbstract:
The origin of microorganisms in oil reservoirs has been the subject of much interest in the last decades; scientists have provided evidence of active microbial communities in situ since the 1920s. Members of the genus Archaeoglobus are hyperthermophiles and obtain energy by reducing oxidized sulfur compounds to H2S. Archaeoglobus species, because of their ability to reduce sulfate, may be important contributors of biogenic H2S generation in high-temperature oil fields. A number of pure cultures of methanogenic Archaea classified in different taxonomic groups have been isolated from oil deposits. Isolation of methanogens has been successful from slightly saline to saline oil well waters in the mesophilic range of temperatures. The parallel analysis of high-temperature enrichment cultures from the formation waters of four oil fields showed that contrary to the Thermococcales, none of the methanogens recovered from the culture-independent analysis were obtained in cultures. Low-temperature oil reservoirs have been explored to a lesser extent than high-temperature ones. A study reported few 16S rRNA sequences affiliated with a limited number of mesophilic aerobic bacteria belonging to the genera Arcobacter, Thiomicrospira, and Oceanospirillum. Laboratory experiments have shown that thermophilic sulfate reducers are able to grow on unidentified components of crude oil.
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Phylogenetic tree of the archaeal domain and related archaeal 16S rRNA gene phylotypes from Monterey-sourced production fluids. Phylotypes O1 and O2 were obtained from total community DNA by using a universal and an archaea-specific set of primers, respectively. Phylotypes R and M were identified in enrichments from Rincon and Monterey formations, respectively; vp sequences are from isolates. A neighbor-joining tree was generated from a mask of 331 nucleotide positions (Escherichia coli numbering 20 to 958) with Hydrogenobacter thermophilus (GenBank accession number Z30214) and Thermotoga maritima (GenBank accession number M21774) serving as outgroups. Bootstrap values (n=1,000 replicates) of ≥50 are reported as percentages. The scale bar represents the number of changes per nucleotide position. Reprinted from ( Orphan et al. [2000] with the permission of the publisher and author. )
Phylogenetic tree of the archaeal domain and related archaeal 16S rRNA gene phylotypes from Monterey-sourced production fluids. Phylotypes O1 and O2 were obtained from total community DNA by using a universal and an archaea-specific set of primers, respectively. Phylotypes R and M were identified in enrichments from Rincon and Monterey formations, respectively; vp sequences are from isolates. A neighbor-joining tree was generated from a mask of 331 nucleotide positions (Escherichia coli numbering 20 to 958) with Hydrogenobacter thermophilus (GenBank accession number Z30214) and Thermotoga maritima (GenBank accession number M21774) serving as outgroups. Bootstrap values (n=1,000 replicates) of ≥50 are reported as percentages. The scale bar represents the number of changes per nucleotide position. Reprinted from ( Orphan et al. [2000] with the permission of the publisher and author. )
Phylogenetic tree of the archaeal domain and related archaeal 16S rRNA gene phylotypes from Monterey-sourced production fluids. Phylotypes O1 and O2 were obtained from total community DNA by using a universal and an archaea-specific set of primers, respectively. Phylotypes R and M were identified in enrichments from Rincon and Monterey formations, respectively; vp sequences are from isolates. A neighbor-joining tree was generated from a mask of 331 nucleotide positions (Escherichia coli numbering 20 to 958) with Hydrogenobacter thermophilus (GenBank accession number Z30214) and Thermotoga maritima (GenBank accession number M21774) serving as outgroups. Bootstrap values (n=1,000 replicates) of ≥50 are reported as percentages. The scale bar represents the number of changes per nucleotide position. Reprinted from ( Orphan et al. [2000] with the permission of the publisher and author. )
Phylogenetic tree of the archaeal domain and related archaeal 16S rRNA gene phylotypes from Monterey-sourced production fluids. Phylotypes O1 and O2 were obtained from total community DNA by using a universal and an archaea-specific set of primers, respectively. Phylotypes R and M were identified in enrichments from Rincon and Monterey formations, respectively; vp sequences are from isolates. A neighbor-joining tree was generated from a mask of 331 nucleotide positions (Escherichia coli numbering 20 to 958) with Hydrogenobacter thermophilus (GenBank accession number Z30214) and Thermotoga maritima (GenBank accession number M21774) serving as outgroups. Bootstrap values (n=1,000 replicates) of ≥50 are reported as percentages. The scale bar represents the number of changes per nucleotide position. Reprinted from ( Orphan et al. [2000] with the permission of the publisher and author. )
Hybridization of Texas red-labeled 16S rRNAs to the microchip. The microchip with immobilized probes was hybridized to in vitrotranscribed 16S rRNAs obtained from formation water of well 757. Specific oligonucleotide probes were loaded on the microchip as follows: A1, probe 54 (Thermotoga and Thermosipho); A2, probe 21 (Geotoga); A3 and A4, probes 25 and 27, respectively (Petrotoga); B1, probe 4 (Methanobacterium); B2, probe 5 (Methanobacterium); B3, probe 58 (Methanobacterium plus Methanothermobacter); C1, probe 39 (Thermodesulfobacterium); C2, probe 50 (Thermoanaerobacter); C3, probe 6 (Thermococcus and Pyrococcus); C4, probe 30 (Thermococcus); D1, probe 44 (Desulfurococcus); D2 and D3, probes 46 and 48, respectively (Desulfotomaculum); E1, probe 52 (Thermus); E2; probe 55 (Aquificales and Desulfurobacterium-Thermovibrio); and E4, probe 53 (Geobacillus). B4, D4, and E3 were empty gel elements. Reprinted from ( Bonch-Osmolovskaya et al. [2003] with the permission of the publisher and author. )
Hybridization of Texas red-labeled 16S rRNAs to the microchip. The microchip with immobilized probes was hybridized to in vitrotranscribed 16S rRNAs obtained from formation water of well 757. Specific oligonucleotide probes were loaded on the microchip as follows: A1, probe 54 (Thermotoga and Thermosipho); A2, probe 21 (Geotoga); A3 and A4, probes 25 and 27, respectively (Petrotoga); B1, probe 4 (Methanobacterium); B2, probe 5 (Methanobacterium); B3, probe 58 (Methanobacterium plus Methanothermobacter); C1, probe 39 (Thermodesulfobacterium); C2, probe 50 (Thermoanaerobacter); C3, probe 6 (Thermococcus and Pyrococcus); C4, probe 30 (Thermococcus); D1, probe 44 (Desulfurococcus); D2 and D3, probes 46 and 48, respectively (Desulfotomaculum); E1, probe 52 (Thermus); E2; probe 55 (Aquificales and Desulfurobacterium-Thermovibrio); and E4, probe 53 (Geobacillus). B4, D4, and E3 were empty gel elements. Reprinted from ( Bonch-Osmolovskaya et al. [2003] with the permission of the publisher and author. )
Characterized archaea isolated from oil reservoirs a
Characterized archaea isolated from oil reservoirs a