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Chapter 1 : Overall Issues of Virus and Host Evolution
Author:
Luis P. Villarreal1
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Affiliations:
1: Center for Virus Research and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry University of California, Irvine Irvine, California
Content Type: Monograph
Publication Year:
2005
Category: Viruses and Viral Pathogenesis
Book DOI:
10.1128/9781555817626
Chapter DOI:
10.1128/9781555817626.ch1
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Abstract:
This chapter presents the evolution of viruses from the perspective of the evolution of their hosts. It provides an introduction to the book Viruses and the Evolution of Life that presents broad patterns for the evolution of life, evaluates the role of viruses in host evolution as well as the role of the host in virus evolution and also seeks to broadly consider and present the role of persistent viruses in evolution. Another way to think of virus evolution is to consider it from the perspective of host evolution. A chapter in this book that presents plants and insects has the unusual organization of considering the evolution of plants, insects, and their viruses all together. Another chapter is presented from an evolutionary perspective, initially addressing those animals that were first to evolve and diverge and also considering the viruses that infect them. Viruses are part of this world and have an evolutionary power that is immense and unmatched by any other living entity.
Citation:
Villarreal L.
2005.
Overall Issues of Virus and Host Evolution,
p 1-27.
In
Viruses and the Evolution of Life.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817626.ch1
Figures
Overall Issues of Virus and Host Evolution
Citation:
Villarreal L.
2005.
Overall Issues of Virus and Host Evolution,
p 1-27.
In
Viruses and the Evolution of Life.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817626.ch1
/content/10.1128/9781555817626.chap1.fig1-1
Figure 1.1
The broad pattern of host evolution. The distribution of classified virus families among host groups is depicted. The size of each pie slice corresponds to the number of virus families. As shown here, each host group has a characteristic virus type: dsDNA for algae, Archaea, and Bacteria; dsRNA for fungi and protozoa; ds- DNA for invertebrates; negative-strand [(−)] ssRNA for vertebrates; and positivestrand [(+)] ssRNA for plants. Furthermore, the life strategies of infecting viruses also tend to correspond with host groups. For example, the viruses of hyperthermophiles and filamentous algae both have a very strong tendency to be chronic or persistent, and not lytic. The data presented here are derived from the universal database of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (http://www. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb). RT, reverse transcription.
10.1128/9781555817626/fig1-1_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555817626/fig1-1.gif
Figure 1.1
The broad pattern of host evolution. The distribution of classified virus families among host groups is depicted. The size of each pie slice corresponds to the number of virus families. As shown here, each host group has a characteristic virus type: dsDNA for algae, Archaea, and Bacteria; dsRNA for fungi and protozoa; ds- DNA for invertebrates; negative-strand [(−)] ssRNA for vertebrates; and positivestrand [(+)] ssRNA for plants. Furthermore, the life strategies of infecting viruses also tend to correspond with host groups. For example, the viruses of hyperthermophiles and filamentous algae both have a very strong tendency to be chronic or persistent, and not lytic. The data presented here are derived from the universal database of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (http://www. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb). RT, reverse transcription.
Citation:
Villarreal L.
2005.
Overall Issues of Virus and Host Evolution,
p 1-27.
In
Viruses and the Evolution of Life.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817626.ch1
/content/10.1128/9781555817626.chap1.fig1-2
Figure 1.2
Tree-of-life dendrogram of currently accepted evolutionary relationships of all living organisms, with an overlay of color to show how the lineages support viruses. Prokaryotes are on the left and eukaryotes are on the right. These domains are connected by the LUCA, which is also identified as being viral. Highly common virus types for particular organisms are in blue. The color gradient (blue to yellow, with blue representing the most virus) identifies viral diversity for that group of organisms. Yellow indicates low viral diversity, and blue indicates high viral diversity. The LUCA is identified as being mainly viral.
10.1128/9781555817626/fig1-2_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555817626/fig1-2.gif
Figure 1.2
Tree-of-life dendrogram of currently accepted evolutionary relationships of all living organisms, with an overlay of color to show how the lineages support viruses. Prokaryotes are on the left and eukaryotes are on the right. These domains are connected by the LUCA, which is also identified as being viral. Highly common virus types for particular organisms are in blue. The color gradient (blue to yellow, with blue representing the most virus) identifies viral diversity for that group of organisms. Yellow indicates low viral diversity, and blue indicates high viral diversity. The LUCA is identified as being mainly viral.
Citation:
Villarreal L.
2005.
Overall Issues of Virus and Host Evolution,
p 1-27.
In
Viruses and the Evolution of Life.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817626.ch1
References
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Tables
Overall Issues of Virus and Host Evolution
Citation:
Villarreal L.
2005.
Overall Issues of Virus and Host Evolution,
p 1-27.
In
Viruses and the Evolution of Life.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817626.ch1
/content/10.1128/9781555817626.chap1.tab1-1
Table 1.1
Distinctions between acute and persistent life strategies of viruses
a
Table 1.1
Distinctions between acute and persistent life strategies of viruses a
Citation:
Villarreal L.
2005.
Overall Issues of Virus and Host Evolution,
p 1-27.
In
Viruses and the Evolution of Life.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817626.ch1
/content/10.1128/9781555817626.chap1.tab1-2
Table 1.2
Characteristics of virgin soil epidemics
Table 1.2
Characteristics of virgin soil epidemics
Citation:
Villarreal L.
2005.
Overall Issues of Virus and Host Evolution,
p 1-27.
In
Viruses and the Evolution of Life.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817626.ch1
/content/10.1128/9781555817626.chap1.tab1-3
Table 1.3
Summary of New World epidemics
Table 1.3
Summary of New World epidemics
Citation:
Villarreal L.
2005.
Overall Issues of Virus and Host Evolution,
p 1-27.
In
Viruses and the Evolution of Life.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817626.ch1
/content/10.1128/9781555817626.chap1.tab1-4
Table 1.4
Histories of smallpox and measles epidemics
Table 1.4
Histories of smallpox and measles epidemics
Citation:
Villarreal L.
2005.
Overall Issues of Virus and Host Evolution,
p 1-27.
In
Viruses and the Evolution of Life.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817626.ch1
/content/10.1128/9781555817626.chap1.tab1-5
Table 1.5
Biological characteristics of acute and persistent virus life strategies
Table 1.5
Biological characteristics of acute and persistent virus life strategies
Citation:
Villarreal L.
2005.
Overall Issues of Virus and Host Evolution,
p 1-27.
In
Viruses and the Evolution of Life.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817626.ch1
/content/10.1128/9781555817626.chap1.tab1-6
Table 1.6
Characteristics of fitness and persistence
Table 1.6
Characteristics of fitness and persistence
Citation:
Villarreal L.
2005.
Overall Issues of Virus and Host Evolution,
p 1-27.
In
Viruses and the Evolution of Life.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817626.ch1
/content/10.1128/9781555817626.chap1.tab1-7
Table 1.7
Gene functions associated with persistence
Table 1.7
Gene functions associated with persistence
Citation:
Villarreal L.
2005.
Overall Issues of Virus and Host Evolution,
p 1-27.
In
Viruses and the Evolution of Life.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817626.ch1
/content/10.1128/9781555817626.chap1.tab1-8
Table 1.8
Evolution of complexity and acquisition of parasitic genomic agents
Table 1.8
Evolution of complexity and acquisition of parasitic genomic agents
Citation:
Villarreal L.
2005.
Overall Issues of Virus and Host Evolution,
p 1-27.
In
Viruses and the Evolution of Life.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817626.ch1
/content/10.1128/9781555817626.chap1.tab1-9
Table 1.9
Common characteristics of host and viral chromosomes
a
Table 1.9
Common characteristics of host and viral chromosomes a
Citation:
Villarreal L.
2005.
Overall Issues of Virus and Host Evolution,
p 1-27.
In
Viruses and the Evolution of Life.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817626.ch1