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Chapter 10 : Collectins and the Acute-Phase Response

Authors: Howard Clark1, Kenneth Reid1, Thilo Stehle2, Alan Ezekowitz2
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Affiliations: 1: MRC Immunochemistry Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom; 2: Laboratory of Developmental Immunology, Harvard Department of Paediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, 15 Parkman St., Boston, MA 02114
Content Type: Monograph
Publication Year: 2004

Category: Immunology; Clinical Microbiology

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Abstract:

This chapter focuses on one essential component of the innate immune system, that is, non-antibody-mediated pathogen recognition and opsonization. In particular, the focus is on the collectin subgroup of the superfamily of lectins, known as the C-type lectins. The collectins appear to play an important role as pattern recognition molecules in the protection of mammals from viral, fungal, and bacterial infection. In humans and rodents, mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is the only major serum collectin, although low levels of both surfactant protein A (SP-A) and surfactant protein D (SP-D) are also found in serum. Three additional serum collectins, con-glutinin, CL-43, and CL-46, have been identified in the cow but not yet in other species. The chapter describes the structure of the collectin. For MBL as a serum protein, its role appears to be as an ante-antibody as it acts like a broad-spectrum antibody and is able to activate complement via a novel mechanism. The chapter explores the experimental evidence that supports these contentions. The findings that SP-A and SP-D play a pivotal role in the regulation of macrophagemediated inflammation in the lung, in the defense against invasion by pathogens, and in modulating inflammatory responses to infection and allergenic stimuli have intriguing clinical implications for a range of lung diseases. A great deal of progress has been made in defining the role for collectins as first-line host defense molecules. The exciting possibility exists that this knowledge may be harnessed and translated into novel adjuvant therapies.

Citation: Clark H, Reid K, Stehle T, Ezekowitz A. 2004. Collectins and the Acute-Phase Response, p 199-218. In Kaufmann S, Medzhitov R, Gordon S (ed), The Innate Immune Response to Infection. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555817671.ch10
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Collectins and the Acute-Phase Response
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Citation: Clark H, Reid K, Stehle T, Ezekowitz A. 2004. Collectins and the Acute-Phase Response, p 199-218. In Kaufmann S, Medzhitov R, Gordon S (ed), The Innate Immune Response to Infection. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555817671.ch10
/content/10.1128/9781555817671.chap10.fig10-1
FIGURE 1

Mammalian lectins. The collectins form a subgroup of the C-type lectin superfamily. The lung collectins SP-A and SP-D, with the serum collectin MBL, are the only secreted collectins so far described in humans.

10.1128/9781555817671/fig10-1_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555817671/fig10-1.gif
Image of FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1

Mammalian lectins. The collectins form a subgroup of the C-type lectin superfamily. The lung collectins SP-A and SP-D, with the serum collectin MBL, are the only secreted collectins so far described in humans.

Citation: Clark H, Reid K, Stehle T, Ezekowitz A. 2004. Collectins and the Acute-Phase Response, p 199-218. In Kaufmann S, Medzhitov R, Gordon S (ed), The Innate Immune Response to Infection. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555817671.ch10
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FIGURE 2

MBL, SP-A, and SP-D are collectins with collagenous and carbohydrate-binding domains. Oligomerization of the trimeric building blocks greatly enhances the avidity of binding to carbohydrate targets via the CRDs.

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10.1128/9781555817671/fig10-2.gif
Image of FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2

MBL, SP-A, and SP-D are collectins with collagenous and carbohydrate-binding domains. Oligomerization of the trimeric building blocks greatly enhances the avidity of binding to carbohydrate targets via the CRDs.

Citation: Clark H, Reid K, Stehle T, Ezekowitz A. 2004. Collectins and the Acute-Phase Response, p 199-218. In Kaufmann S, Medzhitov R, Gordon S (ed), The Innate Immune Response to Infection. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555817671.ch10
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FIGURE 3

Comparison of the structural features of the CRDs from MBL and SP-D. Both MBL and SP-D trimers are very similar in structure. A striking feature of the SP-D trimer structure is the central area containing positively charged residues (indicated in dark gray) that may facilitate its interaction with negatively charged residues on pathogen targets such as LPS.

10.1128/9781555817671/fig10-3_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555817671/fig10-3.gif
Image of FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3

Comparison of the structural features of the CRDs from MBL and SP-D. Both MBL and SP-D trimers are very similar in structure. A striking feature of the SP-D trimer structure is the central area containing positively charged residues (indicated in dark gray) that may facilitate its interaction with negatively charged residues on pathogen targets such as LPS.

Citation: Clark H, Reid K, Stehle T, Ezekowitz A. 2004. Collectins and the Acute-Phase Response, p 199-218. In Kaufmann S, Medzhitov R, Gordon S (ed), The Innate Immune Response to Infection. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555817671.ch10
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Tables

Collectins and the Acute-Phase Response
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Citation: Clark H, Reid K, Stehle T, Ezekowitz A. 2004. Collectins and the Acute-Phase Response, p 199-218. In Kaufmann S, Medzhitov R, Gordon S (ed), The Innate Immune Response to Infection. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555817671.ch10
/content/10.1128/9781555817671.chap10.tab10-1
TABLE 1

Microbial targets of SP-A

10.1128/9781555817671/tab10-1_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555817671/tab10-1.gif
Generic image for table
TABLE 1

Microbial targets of SP-A

Citation: Clark H, Reid K, Stehle T, Ezekowitz A. 2004. Collectins and the Acute-Phase Response, p 199-218. In Kaufmann S, Medzhitov R, Gordon S (ed), The Innate Immune Response to Infection. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555817671.ch10
/content/10.1128/9781555817671.chap10.tab10-2
TABLE 2

Microbial targets of SP-D

10.1128/9781555817671/tab10-2_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555817671/tab10-2.gif
Generic image for table
TABLE 2

Microbial targets of SP-D

Citation: Clark H, Reid K, Stehle T, Ezekowitz A. 2004. Collectins and the Acute-Phase Response, p 199-218. In Kaufmann S, Medzhitov R, Gordon S (ed), The Innate Immune Response to Infection. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555817671.ch10
/content/10.1128/9781555817671.chap10.tab10-3
TABLE 3

Microbial targets of MBL

10.1128/9781555817671/tab10-3_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555817671/tab10-3.gif
Generic image for table
TABLE 3

Microbial targets of MBL

Citation: Clark H, Reid K, Stehle T, Ezekowitz A. 2004. Collectins and the Acute-Phase Response, p 199-218. In Kaufmann S, Medzhitov R, Gordon S (ed), The Innate Immune Response to Infection. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555817671.ch10

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