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Chapter 3 : Fungal Biofilms
Authors:
Jyotsna Chandra1,
Mahmoud A. Ghannoum2
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Affiliations:
1: Center for Medical Mycology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals of Cleveland and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-5028;
2: Center for Medical Mycology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals of Cleveland and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-5028
Content Type: Monograph
Publication Year:
2004
Category: Environmental Microbiology; Microbial Genetics and Molecular Biology
Book DOI:
10.1128/9781555817718
Chapter DOI:
10.1128/9781555817718.ch3
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Abstract:
The recent realization that indwelling medical devices could act as a substrate for fungal biofilms has fueled the need for detailed investigation into biofilm formation by fungi. Fungi most commonly associated with such diseases are in the genus Candida, most notably Candida albicans, which cause both superficial, i.e., oral candidiasis, and invasive diseases. Catheter-related infections are the major cause of morbidity and mortality among hospitalized patients, and microbial biofilms formed on catheter surfaces are associated with 90% of these infections. Biofilm formation is critical in the development of denture stomatitis. This disease is characterized by chronic erythema and edema of the palatal mucosa beneath an upper denture. Proliferation of yeasts in the mixed bacterial and fungal biofilms colonizing silicone rubber voice prostheses in laryngectomized patients causes malfunctioning of the valve mechanism, necessitating the removal of these indwelling devices every 3 to 4 months. Various parameters involved in the formation of candidal biofilms were optimized by different groups to obtain reproducible C. albicans biofilms in different in vitro models. Various microscopic techniques, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fluorescence microscopy (FM), and confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM), have been used to monitor the structure of fungal biofilms. Although research into fungal biofilms was initiated recently, optimal biofilm models were rapidly developed and used to shed light into their detailed architecture and developmental phases. The availability of this knowledge is invaluable in the quest to understand the biology of candidal biofilms at the genomic and proteomic levels.
Citation:
Chandra J, Ghannoum M.
2004.
Fungal Biofilms,
p 30-42.
In
Ghannoum M, O'Toole G (ed),
Microbial Biofilms.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817718.ch3
Figures
Fungal Biofilms
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Citation:
Chandra J, Ghannoum M.
2004.
Fungal Biofilms,
p 30-42.
In
Ghannoum M, O'Toole G (ed),
Microbial Biofilms.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817718.ch3
/content/10.1128/9781555817718.chap3.fig3-1
FIGURE 1
(A) SEM of a C. albicans monospecies biofilm showing fungal cells covered with biofilm matrix. Some hyphal forms are seen. Magnification, ×3,300. (B) C. albicans cells observed embedded in extracellular polymeric material that had an amorphous granular appearance. Magnification, ×9,500.
10.1128/9781555817718/fig3-1_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555817718/fig3-1.gif
FIGURE 1
(A) SEM of a C. albicans monospecies biofilm showing fungal cells covered with biofilm matrix. Some hyphal forms are seen. Magnification, ×3,300. (B) C. albicans cells observed embedded in extracellular polymeric material that had an amorphous granular appearance. Magnification, ×9,500.
Citation:
Chandra J, Ghannoum M.
2004.
Fungal Biofilms,
p 30-42.
In
Ghannoum M, O'Toole G (ed),
Microbial Biofilms.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817718.ch3
/content/10.1128/9781555817718.chap3.fig3-2
FIGURE 2
Development of C. albicans biofilm on polymethylmethacrylate strips. Fluorescence microscopy images show the three distinct developmental phases of C. albicans biofilms over a 48-h period: early (a), intermediate (b), and maturation (c) phases. Magnification, ×10.
10.1128/9781555817718/fig3-2_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555817718/fig3-2.gif
FIGURE 2
Development of C. albicans biofilm on polymethylmethacrylate strips. Fluorescence microscopy images show the three distinct developmental phases of C. albicans biofilms over a 48-h period: early (a), intermediate (b), and maturation (c) phases. Magnification, ×10.
Citation:
Chandra J, Ghannoum M.
2004.
Fungal Biofilms,
p 30-42.
In
Ghannoum M, O'Toole G (ed),
Microbial Biofilms.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817718.ch3
/content/10.1128/9781555817718.chap3.fig3-3
FIGURE 3
Schematic representation of biofilm development in C. albicans. (a and b) Biofilm grown on PMA strips. (c and d) Biofilm grown on SE disks. Panels a and c represent the substrate seen from the top, while panels b and d show the view from the sides of the PMA strips and SE disks, respectively.
10.1128/9781555817718/fig3-3_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555817718/fig3-3.gif
FIGURE 3
Schematic representation of biofilm development in C. albicans. (a and b) Biofilm grown on PMA strips. (c and d) Biofilm grown on SE disks. Panels a and c represent the substrate seen from the top, while panels b and d show the view from the sides of the PMA strips and SE disks, respectively.
Citation:
Chandra J, Ghannoum M.
2004.
Fungal Biofilms,
p 30-42.
In
Ghannoum M, O'Toole G (ed),
Microbial Biofilms.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817718.ch3
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Tables
Fungal Biofilms
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Citation:
Chandra J, Ghannoum M.
2004.
Fungal Biofilms,
p 30-42.
In
Ghannoum M, O'Toole G (ed),
Microbial Biofilms.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817718.ch3
/content/10.1128/9781555817718.chap3.tab3-1
TABLE 1
Effect of carbohydrate supplementation and saliva on biofilm formation by strains GDH-2346 and OY-2-76 using dry weight measurement and XTT reduction assay a
TABLE 1
Effect of carbohydrate supplementation and saliva on biofilm formation by strains GDH-2346 and OY-2-76 using dry weight measurement and XTT reduction assay a
Citation:
Chandra J, Ghannoum M.
2004.
Fungal Biofilms,
p 30-42.
In
Ghannoum M, O'Toole G (ed),
Microbial Biofilms.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817718.ch3