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Chapter 20 : Virulence Plasmids of : Characteristics and Comparison

Author: Luther E. Lindler1
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Affiliations: 1: Department of Bacterial Diseases, Division of Communicable Diseases and Immunology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910
Content Type: Monograph
Publication Year: 2004

Category: Microbial Genetics and Molecular Biology

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Abstract:

This chapter focuses on virulence plasmids of species with particular emphasis on their architecture, the virulence factors encoded by them, and comparisons between species and strains where possible. The involvement of plasmids in the virulence of has long been known and is well established. The best-characterized of these is the low calcium response (LCR) plasmid that is common to the three pathogenic species. The synthesis and regulation of effector Yop secretion by the type III system are extremely complex. The largest difference between the pLcr molecules that have been sequenced to date is in the position and orientation of some of the more important genes. The common mechanism of partitioning between the sequenced pLcr plasmids is interesting because the common partitioning system has been shown to be responsible for plasmid incompatibility between F and pYVe. The chapter addresses the putative virulence factors encoded by pFra as well as make postgenomic sequence comparisons where possible. The most prominent phage element that can be identified easily as a remnant on pFra is a portion of a lambda-like phage element. Recently, two independent self-transmissible antibiotic resistance plasmids (RTFs) have been identified in natural isolates of in Madagascar.

Citation: Lindler L. 2004. Virulence Plasmids of : Characteristics and Comparison, p 423-438. In Funnell B, Phillips G (ed), Plasmid Biology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555817732.ch20
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Virulence Plasmids of Yersinia: Characteristics and Comparison
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Citation: Lindler L. 2004. Virulence Plasmids of : Characteristics and Comparison, p 423-438. In Funnell B, Phillips G (ed), Plasmid Biology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555817732.ch20
/content/10.1128/9781555817732.chap20.fig20-1
Figure 1

Map of the common 26-kb core region encoding the type III secretion system of the virulence plasmid. Genes and direction of transcription are indicated by arrows. Genes and alternate names used in the different species are labeled with each coding region. The and designations were originally used for three separate loci identified by study fusions in ( ). The designation is used in ( ). The loci divide the majority of the core region (excluding into three parts. The locus extends from to The region extends from to The locus includes the through in

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10.1128/9781555817732/fig20-1.gif
Image of Figure 1
Figure 1

Map of the common 26-kb core region encoding the type III secretion system of the virulence plasmid. Genes and direction of transcription are indicated by arrows. Genes and alternate names used in the different species are labeled with each coding region. The and designations were originally used for three separate loci identified by study fusions in ( ). The designation is used in ( ). The loci divide the majority of the core region (excluding into three parts. The locus extends from to The region extends from to The locus includes the through in

Citation: Lindler L. 2004. Virulence Plasmids of : Characteristics and Comparison, p 423-438. In Funnell B, Phillips G (ed), Plasmid Biology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555817732.ch20
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Figure 2

Comparative gene maps of the three sequenced pLcr plasmids. The sequences have been oriented such that the replication region is at the top of the map and the LCR core gene cluster is placed first proceeding clockwise around the circle. Only genes of interest are shown, with arrows indicating the direction of transcription. The closed dots indicate the position of the sequence GTATT. The locations of IS elements or remnants (designated with a “-r"” suffix) arc also shown and discussed in the text. Regions I, II, and III shown on the pCDl map are discussed in the text.

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10.1128/9781555817732/fig20-2.gif
Image of Figure 2
Figure 2

Comparative gene maps of the three sequenced pLcr plasmids. The sequences have been oriented such that the replication region is at the top of the map and the LCR core gene cluster is placed first proceeding clockwise around the circle. Only genes of interest are shown, with arrows indicating the direction of transcription. The closed dots indicate the position of the sequence GTATT. The locations of IS elements or remnants (designated with a “-r"” suffix) arc also shown and discussed in the text. Regions I, II, and III shown on the pCDl map are discussed in the text.

Citation: Lindler L. 2004. Virulence Plasmids of : Characteristics and Comparison, p 423-438. In Funnell B, Phillips G (ed), Plasmid Biology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555817732.ch20
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Figure 3

Gene map of the replication region of pCD1/pYVe227 and pYVc8081. The nomenclature of the genes is in keeping with the reports describing these plasmids ( ). Although the locations of these genes are quite similar, the level of homology at the DNA and protein level is quite low (see text). Arrows indicate the direction of transcription. The numbers indicate base-pair positions in the DNA sequence for pCDl (GenBank accession no. AF074612) and pYVe8081 (GenBank accession no. AF336309). The region includes the putative DnaA box and short repeat sequences generally found in plasmid origins.

10.1128/9781555817732/fig20-3_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555817732/fig20-3.gif
Image of Figure 3
Figure 3

Gene map of the replication region of pCD1/pYVe227 and pYVc8081. The nomenclature of the genes is in keeping with the reports describing these plasmids ( ). Although the locations of these genes are quite similar, the level of homology at the DNA and protein level is quite low (see text). Arrows indicate the direction of transcription. The numbers indicate base-pair positions in the DNA sequence for pCDl (GenBank accession no. AF074612) and pYVe8081 (GenBank accession no. AF336309). The region includes the putative DnaA box and short repeat sequences generally found in plasmid origins.

Citation: Lindler L. 2004. Virulence Plasmids of : Characteristics and Comparison, p 423-438. In Funnell B, Phillips G (ed), Plasmid Biology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555817732.ch20
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Figure 4

Comparative architecture of the murine toxin plasmid pMTl/pFra derived from GenBank sequence AF074611 ( ). The black regions represent sequences in common with the cryptic serovar Typhi plasmid pHCM2 ( ). The light gray region represents DNA sequences that are absent in the CO92 plasmid pFra (GenBank accession no. AL117211). Genes and additional regions of interest are shown inside the circular map. The position of ORF123 is specifically shown because it shares 9 1% amino acid identity with ORFL7074 found on p0157 ( ). Only intact IS elements are shown. Restriction sites for Rland dIII are also shown.

10.1128/9781555817732/fig20-4_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555817732/fig20-4.gif
Image of Figure 4
Figure 4

Comparative architecture of the murine toxin plasmid pMTl/pFra derived from GenBank sequence AF074611 ( ). The black regions represent sequences in common with the cryptic serovar Typhi plasmid pHCM2 ( ). The light gray region represents DNA sequences that are absent in the CO92 plasmid pFra (GenBank accession no. AL117211). Genes and additional regions of interest are shown inside the circular map. The position of ORF123 is specifically shown because it shares 9 1% amino acid identity with ORFL7074 found on p0157 ( ). Only intact IS elements are shown. Restriction sites for Rland dIII are also shown.

Citation: Lindler L. 2004. Virulence Plasmids of : Characteristics and Comparison, p 423-438. In Funnell B, Phillips G (ed), Plasmid Biology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555817732.ch20
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Tables

Virulence Plasmids of Yersinia: Characteristics and Comparison
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Citation: Lindler L. 2004. Virulence Plasmids of : Characteristics and Comparison, p 423-438. In Funnell B, Phillips G (ed), Plasmid Biology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555817732.ch20
/content/10.1128/9781555817732.chap20.tab20-1
Table 1

Molecular properties of plasmids

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10.1128/9781555817732/tab20-1.gif
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Table 1

Molecular properties of plasmids

Citation: Lindler L. 2004. Virulence Plasmids of : Characteristics and Comparison, p 423-438. In Funnell B, Phillips G (ed), Plasmid Biology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555817732.ch20
/content/10.1128/9781555817732.chap20.tab20-2
Table 2

List of pLcr-encodcd established effector proteins and virulence properties

10.1128/9781555817732/tab20-2_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555817732/tab20-2.gif
Generic image for table
Table 2

List of pLcr-encodcd established effector proteins and virulence properties

Citation: Lindler L. 2004. Virulence Plasmids of : Characteristics and Comparison, p 423-438. In Funnell B, Phillips G (ed), Plasmid Biology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555817732.ch20

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