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13 Encephalitis in Immunocompromised Patients
Authors:
John Booss1,
Margaret M. Esiri2
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Affiliations:
1: National Director of Neurology, Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Connecticut, West Haven, and Professor of Neurology and of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut;
2: Professor of Neuropathology, Department of Clinical Neurology, University of Oxford, and Honorary Consultant Neuropathologist, Oxford Radcliffe NHS Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
Content Type: Monograph
Publication Year:
2003
Category: Viruses and Viral Pathogenesis
Book DOI:
10.1128/9781555817831
Chapter DOI:
10.1128/9781555817831.ch13
MyBook is a cheap paperback edition of the original book and will be sold at uniform, low price.
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Abstract:
The immunological defects are variable and include B-cell failure in X-linked agammaglobulinemia and helper T-cell ablation in AIDS. In other cases, such as allograft recipients, the defects are rather more generalized. In all entities considered in this chapter the clinician must balance management of the central nervous system (CNS) disease with the underlying, or associated, systemic disease. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is caused by a polyomavirus, one of two varieties of papovaviruses, the other being papillomaviruses. The diagnosis of PML in AIDS should be suspected in a patient with significant suppression of cell-mediated immunity, usually below 100 CD4 lymphocytes per mm3, in whom a subacute onset of multifocal neurological deficits is observed. Congenital infection can be associated with microcephaly and periventricular calcifications in newborns. The subependymal region is a particular locus of congenital infection. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the largest of the herpesviruses and takes its name from the characteristic cell enlargement with owl's eye intranuclear viral inclusions that it produces. Neurological involvement with CMV infection in neonates is almost always due to congenital infection, with the risk of clinical disease being great when maternal infection occurs during the first trimester of pregnancy. Cell-mediated immunity plays the predominant role in control of many viral infections. Most of the encephalitic syndromes, in distinction to the leukoencephalitic syndromes, reflect reactivation of viruses in the herpesvirus family. Following death from an encephalitis associated with progressive impairment of mental status and amnesic symptoms, HHV-6-bearing cells were demonstrated in two regions of the brain by immunohistochemistry.
Citation:
Booss J, Esiri M.
2003.
13 Encephalitis in Immunocompromised Patients,
p 221-236.
In
Viral Encephalitis in Humans.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817831.ch13
Figures
13 Encephalitis in Immunocompromised Patients
Citation:
Booss J, Esiri M.
2003.
13 Encephalitis in Immunocompromised Patients,
p 221-236.
In
Viral Encephalitis in Humans.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817831.ch13
/content/10.1128/9781555817831.chap13.fig13-1
FIGURE 13.1
Close-up view of coronal slice through the brain from a case of PML. The characteristic lesions are present at the junction between cerebral cortex and white matter (arrows).
10.1128/9781555817831/fig13-1_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555817831/fig13-1.gif
FIGURE 13.1
Close-up view of coronal slice through the brain from a case of PML. The characteristic lesions are present at the junction between cerebral cortex and white matter (arrows).
Citation:
Booss J, Esiri M.
2003.
13 Encephalitis in Immunocompromised Patients,
p 221-236.
In
Viral Encephalitis in Humans.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817831.ch13
/content/10.1128/9781555817831.chap13.fig13-2
FIGURE 13.2
PML. Lower-power view of section of cerebral cortex and subcortical white matter stained for myelin. Multiple small foci of myelin pallor are present near the junction between cortex and white matter. Luxol fast blue stain.
10.1128/9781555817831/fig13-2_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555817831/fig13-2.gif
FIGURE 13.2
PML. Lower-power view of section of cerebral cortex and subcortical white matter stained for myelin. Multiple small foci of myelin pallor are present near the junction between cortex and white matter. Luxol fast blue stain.
Citation:
Booss J, Esiri M.
2003.
13 Encephalitis in Immunocompromised Patients,
p 221-236.
In
Viral Encephalitis in Humans.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817831.ch13
/content/10.1128/9781555817831.chap13.fig13-3
FIGURE 13.3
PML. Area at the margin of a demyelinated zone. Several oligodendrocyte nuclei are enlarged and hyperchromatic, with basophilic intranuclear inclusions (*). Hematoxylin and eosin stain.
10.1128/9781555817831/fig13-3_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555817831/fig13-3.gif
FIGURE 13.3
PML. Area at the margin of a demyelinated zone. Several oligodendrocyte nuclei are enlarged and hyperchromatic, with basophilic intranuclear inclusions (*). Hematoxylin and eosin stain.
Citation:
Booss J, Esiri M.
2003.
13 Encephalitis in Immunocompromised Patients,
p 221-236.
In
Viral Encephalitis in Humans.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817831.ch13
/content/10.1128/9781555817831.chap13.fig13-4
FIGURE 13.4
PML. Section stained for the enzyme carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme II, a marker of oligodendrocytes. Some oligodendrocytes show an intense reaction indicating a reactive state. Counterstained with hematoxylin.
10.1128/9781555817831/fig13-4_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555817831/fig13-4.gif
FIGURE 13.4
PML. Section stained for the enzyme carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme II, a marker of oligodendrocytes. Some oligodendrocytes show an intense reaction indicating a reactive state. Counterstained with hematoxylin.
Citation:
Booss J, Esiri M.
2003.
13 Encephalitis in Immunocompromised Patients,
p 221-236.
In
Viral Encephalitis in Humans.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817831.ch13
/content/10.1128/9781555817831.chap13.fig13-5
FIGURE 13.5
PML. Low-power view of section of cerebellar cortex showing patchy granule cell loss (outlined). Purkinje cells are also depleted. Hematoxylin and eosin stain.
10.1128/9781555817831/fig13-5_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555817831/fig13-5.gif
FIGURE 13.5
PML. Low-power view of section of cerebellar cortex showing patchy granule cell loss (outlined). Purkinje cells are also depleted. Hematoxylin and eosin stain.
Citation:
Booss J, Esiri M.
2003.
13 Encephalitis in Immunocompromised Patients,
p 221-236.
In
Viral Encephalitis in Humans.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817831.ch13
/content/10.1128/9781555817831.chap13.fig13-6
FIGURE 13.6
Electron micrograph of a biopsy from a case of PML showing a nucleus containing both spherical and filamentous polyomavirus particles. Uranyl acetate and lead citrate stain. Courtesy of A. M. Field.
10.1128/9781555817831/fig13-6_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555817831/fig13-6.gif
FIGURE 13.6
Electron micrograph of a biopsy from a case of PML showing a nucleus containing both spherical and filamentous polyomavirus particles. Uranyl acetate and lead citrate stain. Courtesy of A. M. Field.
Citation:
Booss J, Esiri M.
2003.
13 Encephalitis in Immunocompromised Patients,
p 221-236.
In
Viral Encephalitis in Humans.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817831.ch13
/content/10.1128/9781555817831.chap13.fig13-7
FIGURE 13.7
MRI of PML. Axial proton density image shows scattered areas of hyperintensity, predominantly in white matter but with some possible gray matter involvement. Mild mass effect is present. Courtesy of Judith Donovan Post, University of Miami School of Medicine.
10.1128/9781555817831/fig13-7_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555817831/fig13-7.gif
FIGURE 13.7
MRI of PML. Axial proton density image shows scattered areas of hyperintensity, predominantly in white matter but with some possible gray matter involvement. Mild mass effect is present. Courtesy of Judith Donovan Post, University of Miami School of Medicine.
Citation:
Booss J, Esiri M.
2003.
13 Encephalitis in Immunocompromised Patients,
p 221-236.
In
Viral Encephalitis in Humans.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817831.ch13
/content/10.1128/9781555817831.chap13.fig13-8
FIGURE 13.8
Congenital CMV infection: (a) cerebral section showing microcephaly and ventricular enlargement; (b) low-power view of ependymitis from the same case.
10.1128/9781555817831/fig13-8_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555817831/fig13-8.gif
FIGURE 13.8
Congenital CMV infection: (a) cerebral section showing microcephaly and ventricular enlargement; (b) low-power view of ependymitis from the same case.
Citation:
Booss J, Esiri M.
2003.
13 Encephalitis in Immunocompromised Patients,
p 221-236.
In
Viral Encephalitis in Humans.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817831.ch13
/content/10.1128/9781555817831.chap13.fig13-9
FIGURE 13.9
Congenital CMV. Demonstration of CMV antigen in inclusion-bearing cells in subependymal position.
10.1128/9781555817831/fig13-9_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555817831/fig13-9.gif
FIGURE 13.9
Congenital CMV. Demonstration of CMV antigen in inclusion-bearing cells in subependymal position.
Citation:
Booss J, Esiri M.
2003.
13 Encephalitis in Immunocompromised Patients,
p 221-236.
In
Viral Encephalitis in Humans.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817831.ch13
/content/10.1128/9781555817831.chap13.fig13-10
FIGURE 13.10
CMV. Ventriculoependymitis with foci of necrosis in nearby dentate nucleus of the cerebellum (arrows). Luxol fast blue-cresyl violet stain.
10.1128/9781555817831/fig13-10_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555817831/fig13-10.gif
FIGURE 13.10
CMV. Ventriculoependymitis with foci of necrosis in nearby dentate nucleus of the cerebellum (arrows). Luxol fast blue-cresyl violet stain.
Citation:
Booss J, Esiri M.
2003.
13 Encephalitis in Immunocompromised Patients,
p 221-236.
In
Viral Encephalitis in Humans.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817831.ch13
/content/10.1128/9781555817831.chap13.fig13-11
FIGURE 13.11
MRI of CMV ependymitis. T1-weighted coronal image with contrast demonstrating ependymal enhancement around the third and lateral ventricles. Courtesy of Gordon Sze, Yale University School of Medicine.
10.1128/9781555817831/fig13-11_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555817831/fig13-11.gif
FIGURE 13.11
MRI of CMV ependymitis. T1-weighted coronal image with contrast demonstrating ependymal enhancement around the third and lateral ventricles. Courtesy of Gordon Sze, Yale University School of Medicine.
Citation:
Booss J, Esiri M.
2003.
13 Encephalitis in Immunocompromised Patients,
p 221-236.
In
Viral Encephalitis in Humans.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817831.ch13
/content/10.1128/9781555817831.chap13.fig13-12
FIGURE 13.12
Multinucleate giant cell in the hypothalamus from a case of IME. Immunostain with measles antibody is immunopositive in the nuclei. Counterstained with hematoxylin.
10.1128/9781555817831/fig13-12_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555817831/fig13-12.gif
FIGURE 13.12
Multinucleate giant cell in the hypothalamus from a case of IME. Immunostain with measles antibody is immunopositive in the nuclei. Counterstained with hematoxylin.
Citation:
Booss J, Esiri M.
2003.
13 Encephalitis in Immunocompromised Patients,
p 221-236.
In
Viral Encephalitis in Humans.
ASM Press, Washington, DC.
doi: 10.1128/9781555817831.ch13
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