Rapid Systems and Instruments for the Identification of Bacteria

Alan T. Evangelista; Allan L. Truant; Paul P. Bourbeau

doi:10.1128/9781555817961.ch3

Chapter 3 : Rapid Systems and Instruments for the Identification of Bacteria

Authors: Alan T. Evangelista, Allan L. Truant, Paul P. Bourbeau

Content Type: Reference

Publication Year: 2002

Category: Clinical Microbiology

Book DOI: 10.1128/9781555817961

Chapter DOI: 10.1128/9781555817961.ch3

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Abstract:

Preliminary detection of bacterial pathogens and isolation in pure culture on solid media was followed by culture confirmation using one of the early-generation kits for bacterial identification. In more recent years, the development and, in some cases, very common use of direct antigen testing has revolutionized the algorithms for specimen testing which are used today in physicians’ office laboratories, community hospitals, and tertiary-care medical centers. Early antigen tests sometimes lacked the sensitivity which was offered by conventional testing. Researchers tested 345 strains of coryneform bacteria and 33 strains of Listeria spp. (representing 49 taxa). In this study, 80.9% were identified to the species level and 12.2% were identified to the genus level, with 3.7% of the strains misidentified and 3.2% of the strains not identified. Prepackaged commercially available kit systems for the identification of clinically significant gram-negative bacteria have been available for a number of years and offer the clinical microbiologist several distinct advantages over previously available methodologies. The identification systems have evolved over time and have been based on either growth dependent or enzyme-mediated substrate utilization or on the detection of specific nucleic acid sequences. A section talks about fastidious bacteria that include Haemophilus spp., Neisseria spp., Gardnerella vaginalis, Bordetella spp., and Legionella spp.

Citation: Evangelista A, Truant A, Bourbeau P. 2002. Rapid Systems and Instruments for the Identification of Bacteria, p 22-49. In Truant A (ed), Manual of Commercial Methods in Clinical Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555817961.ch3

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Rapid Systems and Instruments for the Identification of Bacteria

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FIGURE 1

BACTi Staph latex agglutination test kit (courtesy of Remel).

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FIGURE 1

BACTi Staph latex agglutination test kit (courtesy of Remel).

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FIGURE 2

BD LINK 2 Strep A Rapid Test (courtesy of BD Diagnostic Systems).

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FIGURE 2

BD LINK 2 Strep A Rapid Test (courtesy of BD Diagnostic Systems).

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FIGURE 3

RIM A.R.C. Strep A test strips with negative test (top) and positive test (bottom) results (courtesy of Remel).

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FIGURE 3

RIM A.R.C. Strep A test strips with negative test (top) and positive test (bottom) results (courtesy of Remel).

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FIGURE 4

BactiCard Strep with positive test results (courtesy of Remel).

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FIGURE 4

BactiCard Strep with positive test results (courtesy of Remel).

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FIGURE 5

API Coryne system (courtesy of bioMerieux).

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FIGURE 5

API Coryne system (courtesy of bioMerieux).

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FIGURE 6

IDS RapID CB Plus system (courtesy of Remel).

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FIGURE 6

IDS RapID CB Plus system (courtesy of Remel).

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FIGURE 7

MicroPlate test format (courtesy of Biolog).

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FIGURE 7

MicroPlate test format (courtesy of Biolog).

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FIGURE 8

MicroStation (courtesy of Biolog).

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FIGURE 8

MicroStation (courtesy of Biolog).

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FIGURE 9

API 20E, API Rapid 20E, API 20 NE, and Vitek GNI Plus (courtesy of bioMerieux).

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FIGURE 9

API 20E, API Rapid 20E, API 20 NE, and Vitek GNI Plus (courtesy of bioMerieux).

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FIGURE 10

BactiCard E. coli with positive test results (courtesy of Remel).

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FIGURE 10

BactiCard E. coli with positive test results (courtesy of Remel).

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FIGURE 11

Premier EHEC (courtesy of Meridian Diagnostics).

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FIGURE 11

Premier EHEC (courtesy of Meridian Diagnostics).

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FIGURE 12

ImmunoCard STAT! E. coli O157 Plus (courtesy of Meridian Diagnostics).

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FIGURE 12

ImmunoCard STAT! E. coli O157 Plus (courtesy of Meridian Diagnostics).

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FIGURE 13

RIM E. coli O157:H7 latex test kit (courtesy of Remel).

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FIGURE 13

RIM E. coli O157:H7 latex test kit (courtesy of Remel).

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FIGURE 14

Campyslide (courtesy of BD Diagnostic Systems).

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FIGURE 14

Campyslide (courtesy of BD Diagnostic Systems).

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FIGURE 15

ProSpecT Campylobacter Microplate Assay (courtesy of Alexon-Trend).

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FIGURE 15

ProSpecT Campylobacter Microplate Assay (courtesy of Alexon-Trend).

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FIGURE 16

RIM Immuno Campylobacter Microplate Assay (courtesy of Remel).

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FIGURE 16

RIM Immuno Campylobacter Microplate Assay (courtesy of Remel).

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FIGURE 17

RIM Immuno Campylobacter Microplate Assay tray with positive wells (courtesy of Remel).

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FIGURE 17

RIM Immuno Campylobacter Microplate Assay tray with positive wells (courtesy of Remel).

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FIGURE 18

Premier Platinum HpSA test (courtesy of Meridian Diagnostics).

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FIGURE 18

Premier Platinum HpSA test (courtesy of Meridian Diagnostics).

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FIGURE 23

Catarrhalis test disk with positive test results (courtesy of Remel).

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FIGURE 23

Catarrhalis test disk with positive test results (courtesy of Remel).

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FIGURE 19

Micro ID system with inoculated wells, used primarily for Enterobacteriaceae (courtesy of Remel).

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FIGURE 19

Micro ID system with inoculated wells, used primarily for Enterobacteriaceae (courtesy of Remel).

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FIGURE 20

API Quad-Ferm+ (courtesy of bioMerieux).

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FIGURE 20

API Quad-Ferm+ (courtesy of bioMerieux).

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FIGURE 21

Neisseria-Kwik tray (courtesy of Micro-Bio-Logics).

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FIGURE 21

Neisseria-Kwik tray (courtesy of Micro-Bio-Logics).

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FIGURE 22

BactiCard Neisseria with positive test results (courtesy of Remel).

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FIGURE 22

BactiCard Neisseria with positive test results (courtesy of Remel).

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Tables

Rapid Systems and Instruments for the Identification of Bacteria

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TABLE 1

Characteristics of agglutination assays for identification of S. aureus a

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TABLE 1

Characteristics of agglutination assays for identification of S. aureus a

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TABLE 2

Performance of agglutination assays for identification of S. aureus

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TABLE 2

Performance of agglutination assays for identification of S. aureus

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TABLE 3

Systems for identification of Staphylococcus spp. and other gram-positive cocci a

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TABLE 3

Systems for identification of Staphylococcus spp. and other gram-positive cocci a

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TABLE 4

Commercial serogrouping assays for identification of beta-hemolytic streptococci

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TABLE 4

Commercial serogrouping assays for identification of beta-hemolytic streptococci

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TABLE 5

Rapid, direct group A streptococcal detection tests granted waived status

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TABLE 5

Rapid, direct group A streptococcal detection tests granted waived status

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TABLE 6

Rapid, direct group A streptococcal detection tests which do not have waived status

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TABLE 6

Rapid, direct group A streptococcal detection tests which do not have waived status

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TABLE 7

Commercial identification systems for Corynebacterium spp.

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TABLE 7

Commercial identification systems for Corynebacterium spp.

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TABLE 8

Commercial systems for identification of members of the family Enterobacteriaceae and gram-negative nonmembers

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TABLE 8

Commercial systems for identification of members of the family Enterobacteriaceae and gram-negative nonmembers

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TABLE 9

Performance of Premier E. coli O157 test in the field and in resolved results after repeat testing

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TABLE 9

Performance of Premier E. coli O157 test in the field and in resolved results after repeat testing

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TABLE 10

Sensitivities, specificities, and predictive values for the detection of E. coli O157:H7 a

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TABLE 10

Sensitivities, specificities, and predictive values for the detection of E. coli O157:H7 a

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TABLE 11

Commercial systems for the identification of Haemophilus spp., Neisseria spp., and other fastidious bacteria

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TABLE 11

Commercial systems for the identification of Haemophilus spp., Neisseria spp., and other fastidious bacteria

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TABLE 12

Performance characteristics of culture, DFA, and PCR for the detection of B. pertussis in nasopharyngeal-swab specimens a

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TABLE 12

Performance characteristics of culture, DFA, and PCR for the detection of B. pertussis in nasopharyngeal-swab specimens a

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TABLE 13

Comparison of the sensitivities and specificities of the multiplex PCR-based assay and culture for B. pertussis following the resolution of discrepant results a

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TABLE 13

Comparison of the sensitivities and specificities of the multiplex PCR-based assay and culture for B. pertussis following the resolution of discrepant results a

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TABLE 14

Diagnostic methods for Legionella evaluation a

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TABLE 14

Diagnostic methods for Legionella evaluation a