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Chapter 22 : Ribosomes, Protein Synthesis Factors, and tRNA Synthetases

Author: Tina M. Henkin
Content Type: Monograph
Publication Year: 2002

Category: Bacterial Pathogenesis

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Abstract:

The biosynthesis and activity of the translational apparatus, encompassing rRNA, ribosomal proteins, tRNA, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, translation factors, and modifying enzymes, represent a major investment of cellular resources. This chapter summarizes available information about translational gene organization and expression in and other gram-positive organisms, incorporating new information from the genome sequence, and provides comparisons to the extensive information available about these systems in . Additional ribosomal protein genes are scattered around the genome, either alone or in small groups. All are transcribed in the same direction as DNA replication, with the exception of rpsD, rpsT, and rpmB. Translation elongation requires elongation factor (EF)-Tu to bring aminoacylated tRNA into the A site of the elongating ribosome, EF-Ts to recycle EF-Tu from its inactive GDP-bound state to the GTP-bound state required for tRNA binding, and EFG, which is required for translocation of the ribosome along the mRNA. There are 86 tRNA genes in the genome, most of which are organized in large rrn-associated clusters while others are scattered around the genome. The formylation of methionine on initiator tRNA-Met is carried out by the product of the gene, which is located downstream of the , the product of which removes the formyl group from the amino terminus of newly synthesized proteins.

Citation: Henkin T. 2002. Ribosomes, Protein Synthesis Factors, and tRNA Synthetases, p 313-322. In Sonenshein A, Losick R, Hoch J (ed), and Its Closest Relatives. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555817992.ch22
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Ribosomes, Protein Synthesis Factors, and tRNA Synthetases
[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/author/10.1128/9781555817992.chap22-1,webId=/content/author/10.1128/9781555817992.chap22-1,properties={foaf_givenname=Tina M., foaf_name=Tina M. Henkin, foaf_surname=Henkin}]]
Citation: Henkin T. 2002. Ribosomes, Protein Synthesis Factors, and tRNA Synthetases, p 313-322. In Sonenshein A, Losick R, Hoch J (ed), and Its Closest Relatives. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555817992.ch22
/content/10.1128/9781555817992.chap22.fig22-1
FIGURE 1

Gene organization in the major cluster of ribosomal protein genes. The major cluster in located at around 12°, includes genes corresponding to the and clusters, which are located at 90 min and 74 min, respectively. Bent arrows indicate putative promoters, and stem loops indicate putative transcriptional terminators, identified by experimental analysis or inspection of the sequence (see text); in the cluster, // indicates a 17-kb region between t and

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10.1128/9781555817992/fig22-1.gif
Image of FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1

Gene organization in the major cluster of ribosomal protein genes. The major cluster in located at around 12°, includes genes corresponding to the and clusters, which are located at 90 min and 74 min, respectively. Bent arrows indicate putative promoters, and stem loops indicate putative transcriptional terminators, identified by experimental analysis or inspection of the sequence (see text); in the cluster, // indicates a 17-kb region between t and

Citation: Henkin T. 2002. Ribosomes, Protein Synthesis Factors, and tRNA Synthetases, p 313-322. In Sonenshein A, Losick R, Hoch J (ed), and Its Closest Relatives. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555817992.ch22
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FIGURE 2

Ribosomal protein and rRNA genes in . Positions are based on a 360° map and are derived from the SubtiList database. The gene arrangement in the cluster is shown in Fig. 1 .

10.1128/9781555817992/fig22-2_thmb.gif
10.1128/9781555817992/fig22-2.gif
Image of FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2

Ribosomal protein and rRNA genes in . Positions are based on a 360° map and are derived from the SubtiList database. The gene arrangement in the cluster is shown in Fig. 1 .

Citation: Henkin T. 2002. Ribosomes, Protein Synthesis Factors, and tRNA Synthetases, p 313-322. In Sonenshein A, Losick R, Hoch J (ed), and Its Closest Relatives. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555817992.ch22
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Tables

Ribosomes, Protein Synthesis Factors, and tRNA Synthetases
[com.pub2web.rdf.cci.facet.ContentItem[id=http://asm.metastore.ingenta.com/content/author/10.1128/9781555817992.chap22-1,webId=/content/author/10.1128/9781555817992.chap22-1,properties={foaf_givenname=Tina M., foaf_name=Tina M. Henkin, foaf_surname=Henkin}]]
Citation: Henkin T. 2002. Ribosomes, Protein Synthesis Factors, and tRNA Synthetases, p 313-322. In Sonenshein A, Losick R, Hoch J (ed), and Its Closest Relatives. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555817992.ch22
/content/10.1128/9781555817992.chap22.tab22-1
TABLE 1

Ribosomal proteins

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TABLE 1

Ribosomal proteins

Citation: Henkin T. 2002. Ribosomes, Protein Synthesis Factors, and tRNA Synthetases, p 313-322. In Sonenshein A, Losick R, Hoch J (ed), and Its Closest Relatives. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555817992.ch22
/content/10.1128/9781555817992.chap22.tab22-2
TABLE 2

Translation factors

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TABLE 2

Translation factors

Citation: Henkin T. 2002. Ribosomes, Protein Synthesis Factors, and tRNA Synthetases, p 313-322. In Sonenshein A, Losick R, Hoch J (ed), and Its Closest Relatives. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555817992.ch22
/content/10.1128/9781555817992.chap22.tab22-3
TABLE 3

Ribosomal RNA operons

tRNAs located between 16S and 23S regions.

tRNAs located 3' of 5S region.

tRNAA'e and tRNAoly located 5' of 16S region; tRNAMcl and tRNAAsp located 3' of 5S region.

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TABLE 3

Ribosomal RNA operons

tRNAs located between 16S and 23S regions.

tRNAs located 3' of 5S region.

tRNAA'e and tRNAoly located 5' of 16S region; tRNAMcl and tRNAAsp located 3' of 5S region.

Citation: Henkin T. 2002. Ribosomes, Protein Synthesis Factors, and tRNA Synthetases, p 313-322. In Sonenshein A, Losick R, Hoch J (ed), and Its Closest Relatives. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555817992.ch22
/content/10.1128/9781555817992.chap22.tab22-4
TABLE 4

tRNA operons

tmSL designation was used in SubtiList for new tRNA genes at multiple loci.

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10.1128/9781555817992/tab22-4.gif
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TABLE 4

tRNA operons

tmSL designation was used in SubtiList for new tRNA genes at multiple loci.

Citation: Henkin T. 2002. Ribosomes, Protein Synthesis Factors, and tRNA Synthetases, p 313-322. In Sonenshein A, Losick R, Hoch J (ed), and Its Closest Relatives. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555817992.ch22
/content/10.1128/9781555817992.chap22.tab22-5
TABLE 5

Processing and modification enzymes

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TABLE 5

Processing and modification enzymes

Citation: Henkin T. 2002. Ribosomes, Protein Synthesis Factors, and tRNA Synthetases, p 313-322. In Sonenshein A, Losick R, Hoch J (ed), and Its Closest Relatives. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555817992.ch22
/content/10.1128/9781555817992.chap22.tab22-6
TABLE 6

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (AARS)

T box genes in ; all classes of AARS genes except LysRS and GltX can be found as T-box genes in various gram-positive species.

GltX aminoacylates both tRNAGlu and tRNAGln with glutamate; Glu-tRNAGln is converted to Gln-tRNAGln by the Gat-CAB amidotransferase.

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Generic image for table
TABLE 6

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (AARS)

T box genes in ; all classes of AARS genes except LysRS and GltX can be found as T-box genes in various gram-positive species.

GltX aminoacylates both tRNAGlu and tRNAGln with glutamate; Glu-tRNAGln is converted to Gln-tRNAGln by the Gat-CAB amidotransferase.

Citation: Henkin T. 2002. Ribosomes, Protein Synthesis Factors, and tRNA Synthetases, p 313-322. In Sonenshein A, Losick R, Hoch J (ed), and Its Closest Relatives. ASM Press, Washington, DC. doi: 10.1128/9781555817992.ch22

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